Reasoning along the popular definition of a concept commonly occur during the 18-19 century was a philosopher. Ben Woodham (Jeremy Bentham, AD 1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (John Stuart Mill, AD 1806-1873) philosophy, English Dictionary - Thailand. Academy of Letters Define the concept of utilitarianism (utilitarianism) that is ethical attitudes that equate to happiness as criteria for being a good offense is the actions that pose the greatest benefit to the greatest number. Constitutes a good deed (Academy, 2540: 101) from the definition explains that the concept of ethical utilitarianism is one of the basic criteria to decide what action should or should not. The benefits offered by popularity That is the criterion to decide the amount of happiness as a result of the action. As Malcolm said, "the legitimacy of the action depends on the action likely to cause pleasure. The offense is likely to cause the counter to Happiness "(Secondary School for the Magic, 2532 (a): 99.) The concept of utilitarianism reasons in support of the criteria used to quantify happiness. Is Seen That human beings are naturally love to hate him. Every human being, whether anyone. When do you look happy. Avoid distress Therefore, it is concluded that happiness is the most precious thing for human beings, for this reason, it is proposed that utilitarianism. When we have to choose between the two options is the way that each action will lead to anything. To cause much joy. How much distress When offset ago Any act causing the most happy, we should do it with pleasure, not just to their own enjoyment only. But spread to most of the words, or overall happiness of all men who have been the result of the action. Objectively considered by the joy of the action takes precedence over the happiness of others. Whether it's the joy of it all are of equal importance. Then consider bringing joy to everyone who has been out of action together. As Mills wrote, "Happiness is a standard of utilitarianism to judge whether any action was. Not for the personal pleasure of the act. But of all people involved during the pleasure of the actions of others. Utilitarianism called for strict action neutralization. By acting as a neutral view "(Secondary School for the Magic, 2532 (b): a. 159.) It is a pleasure amount. Blessed with plenty of pleasure would be greater than a small amount. So the correct thing to do is an act that caused the highest amount of pleasure that we should choose the action that caused more than happy to do so. Or in case we are in a situation not to choose it leads to all suffering. We should choose actions that cause minimal distress to calculate benefits. I need to see the long-term consequences of their actions can be predicted as well. For example, If we have to choose between going to put the money to buy luxuries in response to our satisfaction or to make a charitable donation. Utilitarianism we calculate a pleasure to be incurred in the second act. Then compare If the money goes to charity, making the poor are suffering less. Is likely to have a better life in the future. Well, I enjoyed going on a volume of more than momentary pleasure happens to luxury purchases. We should put the money to charity. Or examples can be seen in the decision of whether to build a dam or not. The main advantage popular, it must calculate the benefit. The amount of forest lost. And a lot of people have been evacuated from the production. When compared with the benefits to be gained from the dam. Less suffering to happiness. The benefits enjoyed by the dam higher than the suffering that happens or not. If more than it should create the application in accordance with the popular concept of the common sense of the common people. Especially in the economic and social policy of the government. Often used to calculate this benefit. Or even the decisions of individuals. People with moral choices will act generously. But regardless of the happiness of others. In particular, the interests of the majority , however. This concept has received criticism from many perspectives. For example, critics say It is not true that happiness is the only human pursuit. Some human quest for knowledge, integrity, and without joy. Outside of this, the amount of utilitarianism equate happiness as criteria for action, then there is a problem that we would actually be happy to calculate the exact quantity or measure or not. And offer the pleasure of each one equally important are not available in some cases, say two people were drowned in the river. One of them is the father. Another was a doctor, you know the great ways to treat various diseases, you can not swim a lot and was on the witness. If the row is not yet enough to throw the whole island in a single timber, which can support the weight alone. The main advantage in this situation, you have to choose someone to throw the timber is the great physician. When calculating the benefit in the long run. Life continue to exist of Mr. Big will create benefits for the people as a whole over the life of the father, but actually you do that? Again, if we take this concept as a basis for judging the action. Sometimes it leads to choosing the evil example, suppose that in a small village, one of which is the notion ogre. Caused the deaths of unknown cause, many people. Local people believe that these people were killed Ogre Shaman invited to The Exorcist. Magician identifies a village that is ogre. And to bring this Exorcist, a ceremony to torture or hurt people who believe that until the ghouls go from this village who were headliners.
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