we calculated a global score averag

we calculated a global score averaging results of the six tests
using z scores (16 563 women completed all six tests).
Assessment of cognitive function
Our cognitive assessment has been previously described.21
Briefly, we initially administered only the telephone interview for
cognitive status (TICS) (n = 18 999)22 but gradually added more
tests: immediate (n = 18 295) and delayed recalls of the East Boston
memory test (n = 18 268), test of verbal fluency (naming animals,
n = 18 285), digit span backwards (n = 16 591), and delayed
recall of a 10 word list (n = 16 582). To summarise performance,
We have established high validity (r = 0.81 comparing the
global score from our telephone interview to an in-person exam)
and high reliability (r = 0.70 for two administrations of the TICS,
31 days apart)21 for these telephone interviews in highly
educated women.
Ascertainment of type 2 diabetes
We identified women who reported that diabetes had been diagnosed
by a physician before the baseline cognitive interview. We
then confirmed reports based on responses to a supplementary
questionnaire including complications, diagnostic tests, and
treatment; confirmations conformed to guidelines of the
National Diabetes Data Group23 until 1997, and revised criteria
of the American Diabetes Association from 1998.24 Validation
studies found 98% concordance of our nurse participants’
reports of type 2 diabetes with medical records.25 We estimated
duration of diabetes by subtracting date of diagnosis from date of
baseline cognitive interview. We obtained information on recent
drug treatment for diabetes from the biennial questionnaire
before the baseline interview.
Statistical analyses
Baseline analyses—We examined the relation between type 2
diabetes and cognitive performance by comparing “poor
scorers” to remaining women. “Poor scorers” on the TICS were
those who scored < 31 points (a pre-established cut off point21);
on other tests, we defined poor scorers as those below the lowest
10th centile ( ≤ 7 for immediate recall and ≤ 6 for delayed recall
on Boston memory test, ≤ 11 for verbal fluency test, ≤ 0 for
delayed recall of the TICS 10 words list, and ≤ 3 for digit span
backwards). Multivariate adjusted odds ratios of a poor score and
95% confidence intervals were calculated with logistic regression
models.We also analysed scores continuously using multiple linear
regression to obtain adjusted differences in mean score
between women with and without diabetes.
Analyses of cognitive decline—We used logistic regression to calculate
odds ratios of “substantial decline,” defined as the worst
10% of the distribution of change from the baseline to the
second interview (with cut off points for decline of ≥4 on the
TICS, ≥ 6 on the category fluency test, and ≥ 3 on the other
tests). We also used linear regression to estimate adjusted mean
differences in decline by diabetes status.
Potential confounding factors—Data on potential confounders
were identified from information provided as of the questionnaire
immediately before the baseline cognitive assessment. All
potential confounding variables were selected a priori based on
risk factors for cognitive function in the existing literature (see
tables 3 and 4). In analyses of cognitive decline, we adjusted for
baseline performance.26
Results
At baseline interview 7.3% (n = 1394) of the women had type 2
diabetes, with a mean duration of 12 years since diagnosis.Of the
1248 women with diabetes who completed the most recent
questionnaire, 901 reported recent medication for management
of diabetes (294 (33%) insulin, 607 (67%) oral hypoglycaemic
agents). As expected, women with diabetes had higher
prevalence of several comorbid conditions (hypertension, high
cholesterol, heart disease, obesity, depression) than women without
diabetes (table 1), and used hormone therapy less and drank
less alcohol. On every cognitive test, mean baseline scores were
lower for women with diabetes (table 2).

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 3:

We calculated a global score averaging results of the six tests
using Z scores (16 563 women completed all six tests).
Assessment Of cognitive function
Our cognitive assessment has been previously described.21
Briefly we initially, administered only The telephone interview for
cognitive status (TICS) (n = 18 999) 22 but gradually added more
testsImmediate (n = 18 295) and delayed recalls of the East Boston
memory test (n = 18 268), test of verbal fluency (naming Animals
= 18, n 285), digit span backwards (n = 16 591), and delayed
recall of a 10 word list (n = 16 582). To summarise Performance
We, have established high validity (r = 0.81 comparing the
global score from our telephone interview to an in-person Exam)
And high reliability (r = 0.70 for two administrations of the TICS
31, days apart) 21 for these telephone interviews in Highly
educated women.
Ascertainment of type 2 diabetes
We identified women who reported that diabetes had been diagnosed
by A physician before the baseline cognitive interview. We
then confirmed reports based on responses to a supplementary
questionnaire Including, complicationsDiagnostic, tests and
treatment; confirmations conformed to guidelines of the
National Diabetes Data Group23, until 1997 and Revised criteria
of the American Diabetes Association from 1998.24 Validation
studies found 98% concordance of our nurse Participants'
reports of type 2 diabetes with medical records.25 We estimated
duration of diabetes by subtracting date of Diagnosis from date of
Baseline cognitive interview. We obtained information on recent
drug treatment for diabetes from the biennial questionnaire
before The baseline interview.

Statistical analyses Baseline analyses - We examined the relation between type 2
diabetes and cognitive Performance by comparing "poor
scorers." to remaining women. "Poor scorers." on the TICS were
Those who scored < 31 points (a pre-established cut off point21);
on other tests we defined, poor scorers as those below The lowest
10th centile (< = 7 for immediate recall and < = 6 for delayed recall
on Boston memory test < = 11, for verbal fluency Test < = 0, for
delayed recall of the TICS 10, words list and < = 3 for digit span
backwards). Multivariate adjusted odds ratios Of a poor score and
95% confidence intervals were calculated with logistic regression
models.We also analysed scores continuously using multiple Linear
regression to obtain adjusted differences in mean score
between women with and without diabetes.
Analyses of cognitive Decline - We used logistic regression to calculate
odds ratios of "substantial decline," defined as the worst
10% of the distribution of change from the baseline to the
second interview (with cut off points for decline of > = 4 on the
TICS, > = 6 on the category, fluency test and > = 3 on the other
tests). We also used linear regression to estimate adjusted mean
differences In decline by diabetes status.
Potential confounding factors - Data on potential confounders
Were identified from information provided as of the questionnaire
immediately before the baseline cognitive, assessment All
potential confounding variables were selected a priori based on
risk factors for cognitive function in the existing Literature (see
tables 3 and 4). In analyses of, cognitive decline we adjusted for performance.26


baseline Results At baseline Interview 73% (n = 1394) of the women had type 2
diabetes with a, mean duration of 12 years since diagnosis.Of the
1248 women with Diabetes who completed the most recent
questionnaire 901 reported, recent medication for management
of diabetes (294 (33%) Insulin 607 (67%), oral hypoglycaemic
agents). As expected women with, diabetes had higher
prevalence of several comorbid Conditions, (hypertension high
,,, cholesterol Heart Disease Obesity depression) than women without
diabetes (Table 1), and used hormone therapy less and Drank
less alcohol. On every, cognitive test mean baseline scores were
lower for women with diabetes (Table 2).