Plant resistance-mediated immunityB

Plant resistance-mediated immunity
Because the magnitude of an herbivore’s immune de- fense tends to tightly correlate with its vigor [15,16], plant traits that retard herbivore growth may indirectly impact parasitism by suppressing immune function in what has
been termed the ‘immunocompromised host hypothesis’ [17] or ‘vulnerable host hypothesis’ [18 ]. Both hypoth- eses predict increased parasitism on chemically well- defended plants. In general, the existing empirical literature seems to support the concept of weaker im- mune responses for herbivorous insects developing on highly defended or poor quality plants (e.g., plants with low levels of primary metabolites such as growth-limiting amino acids) [19 ]. Interestingly, these hypotheses con- tradict the large body of literature documenting lower parasitoid survival on hosts reared from toxic plants, for example [20–22], including those demonstrating that parasitized hosts actively seek out toxic plants in their diet, seemingly to rid themselves of their parasites, a.k.a. self-medication or pharmacophagy [23]. These broad findings suggest that, at least in many trophic systems, the effects of host immunity against parasitism is weak relative to the direct (Figure 1(1)) and indirect (Figure 1(2)) effects of plant defense compounds on parasitoids. Given these discrepancies, it would be help- ful for future studies to invest more effort in identifying factors that predict when toxins are beneficial versus detrimental to parasitoid development. Herbivore diet breadth may be a predictor of immune strategy if, for

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 2:

Plant resistance-mediated Immunity
Because the magnitude of an immune Herbivore's de-Fense tends to correlate tightly with ITS VIGOR [15,16], Plant traits that May Retard Herbivore growth by suppressing immune function Indirectly Impact parasitism in what has
been termed the 'immunocompromised. host hypothesis' [17] or 'vulnerable host hypothesis' [18]. Both hypoth- eses predict increased parasitism on chemically well- defended plants. In general, the existing empirical literature seems to support the concept of weaker im- mune responses for herbivorous insects developing on highly defended or poor quality plants (eg, plants with low levels of primary metabolites such as growth-limiting amino acids) [19]. . Interestingly, these hypotheses con- tradict the large body of literature documenting lower parasitoid survival on hosts reared from toxic plants, for example [20-22], including those demonstrating that parasitized hosts actively seek out toxic plants in their diet, seemingly to rid themselves. of their parasites, aka self-medication or pharmacophagy [23]. These broad findings suggest that, at least in many trophic systems, the effects of host immunity against parasitism is weak relative to the direct (Figure 1 (1)) and indirect (Figure 1 (2)) effects of plant defense compounds on parasitoids. Given these discrepancies, it would be help- ful for future studies to invest more effort in identifying factors that predict when toxins are beneficial versus detrimental to parasitoid development. Herbivore diet breadth may be a predictor of immune strategy if, for.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 3:

Plant resistance-mediated immunity.Because the magnitude of an herbivore "s immune de - fense tends to tightly correlate with its vigor [,], 15 16 plant traits. That retard herbivore growth may indirectly impact parasitism by suppressing immune function in what has.Been termed the "immunocompromised host hypothesis" [] or 17" vulnerable host hypothesis" []. Both 18 hypoth - ESES predict. Increased parasitism on chemically well - defended plants. In general the existing, empirical literature seems to support. The concept of weaker im - mune responses for herbivorous insects developing on highly defended or poor quality plants (e.g.,. Plants with low levels of primary metabolites such as growth-limiting amino acids) []. Interestingly these 19, hypotheses. Con - tradict the large body of literature documenting lower parasitoid survival on hosts reared from toxic plants for example,, [20 - 22], including those demonstrating that parasitized hosts actively seek out toxic plants in their diet seemingly to,, Rid themselves of, their parasites a.k.a. Self-medication or pharmacophagy [23]. These broad findings suggest that at least,, In many, trophic systems the effects of host immunity against parasitism is weak relative to the direct (Figure 1 (1 and.)) Indirect (Figure 1 (2) effects of plant defense compounds on parasitoids. Given these discrepancies it would, be help - ful. For future studies to invest more effort in identifying factors that predict when toxins are beneficial versus detrimental. To parasitoid development. Herbivore diet breadth may be a predictor of immune, strategy if for.