Antibiotics have been used for seve

Antibiotics have been used for several decades as medicine for
human and animals. The primary drug elimination mechanisms of
antibiotics from organisms are via urine and feces, so essentially all
antibiotics taken are ultimately excreted, whether unchanged or in
metabolite form [1,2]. These residues could threaten surface water
and even groundwater as a result of leaching from agricultural
fields [3]. Many studies showed that CIP residues were widespread
in wastewater and surface water with high concentrations [4–6]
and were poorly removed by sewage treatment plants due to the
bacteria-inhibiting effect. As a synthetic antibiotic, ciprofloxacin
(CIP) is categorized as the second generation of fluoroquinolones
and has the strongest antimicrobial activity. The presence of CIP in
aqueous solution, even in low concentrations, can result in the
development of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Therefore its removal
from water has become an increasingly important concern. Even
so, there are few researches dealing with the elimination of CIP,
when compared with other antibiotics.
As a naturally occurring element, nickel is 5th most abundant
element. It is found in rock or soil or sediment. It is largely present
in the wastewaters coming from industrial production processes
such as mining, smelting, galvanization, batteries manufacturing
and metal finishing [7,8]. The presence and accumulation of Ni(II)
in industrial effluents have a toxic or carcinogenic effect on living
species. World Health Organization (WHO) has set that the
maximum amount of nickel in drinking water is 0.1 mg/L.
However, the concentration of Ni(II) in many electroplating
effluent water is as high as 50 mg/L. Thereby, it is a challenging
objective to eliminate Ni(II) ions from wastewaters. The same as
CIP, there are few studies dealing with the elimination of Ni(II),
when compared with other widely used heavy metal.
As an economical and efficient method, adsorption technique
by activated carbon is widely applied to remove antibiotics and
heavy metal ions from wastewaters [6,9,10]. Previous studies were
conducted to investigate the adsorption of CIP [11] and Ni(II) [8]
from aqueous solution by activated carbon separately. As we know,
the water body is a complex system where antibiotics and heavy
metal often coexist due to influxes of various pollution sources.
Little attention has been given to investigate the adsorption of
antibiotics on activated carbon in aqueous solution as affected by
heavy metals. Similarly, few studies have been reported about the
effect of heavy metals on activated carbon in aqueous solution as
affected by antibiotics.
The objectives of this study were to investigate the adsorption
and cosorption of Ni(II) and CIP on activated carbon in aqueous
solution as a function of time, solution pH and initial concentration.
Specific focus was on the effect of solution chemistry on the
adsorption onto activated carbon, and to explore their interaction
mechanisms.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 2:

Have been for Several decades Antibiotics Used As Medicine for
Human and Animals. The Primary Drug Elimination Mechanisms of
Antibiotics from organisms via urine and feces are, So essentially all
Taken Antibiotics are ultimately excreted, unchanged Whether or in
metabolite Form [1,2]. These residues could threaten Water surface
and groundwater Even As a Result of leaching from Agricultural
Fields [3]. Studies showed that many CIP residues were widespread
in surface Water and Wastewater with High concentrations [4-6]
and were poorly removed by sewage Treatment Plants Due to The
bacteria-inhibiting Effect. As a Synthetic antibiotic, ciprofloxacin
(CIP) is categorized As The Second Generation of fluoroquinolones
and has antimicrobial The Strongest Activity. The Presence of CIP in
AQUEOUS Solution, Even in Low concentrations, Can Result in The
Development of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Therefore ITS Removal
from Water has Become an increasingly important Concern. Even
So, there are few researches DEALING with The Elimination of CIP,
When compared with Other Antibiotics.
As a Naturally occurring Element, Nickel is 5th Most Abundant
Element. It is found in rock or soil or sediment. It is largely Present
in The Coming from Industrial Wastewaters production processes
Such As Mining, smelting, galvanization, Batteries Manufacturing
and Metal Finishing [7,8]. The Presence and accumulation of Ni (II)
in Industrial effluents or carcinogenic Have a Toxic Effect on Living
Species. World Health Organization (WHO) has that The Set
Maximum amount of Nickel in Drinking Water is 0.1 mg / L.
However, The Concentration of Ni (II) in many Electroplating
As High As effluent Water is 50 mg / L. Thereby, it is a challenging
Objective to Eliminate Ni (II) ions from Wastewaters. The Same As
CIP, there are few Studies DEALING with The Elimination of Ni (II),
When compared with Other widely Used Heavy Metal.
As an Economical and efficient Method, adsorption Technique
by Activated carbon is widely Applied to Remove Antibiotics and
Heavy Metal ions. from wastewaters [6,9,10]. Previous Studies were
Conducted to investigate The adsorption of CIP [11] and Ni (II) [8]
from AQUEOUS Solution by Activated carbon separately. As we know,
The Water Body is a Complex System Where Antibiotics and Heavy
Metal Pollution often cohabitations Due to influxes of Various Sources.
Little has been Attention Given to investigate The adsorption of
Antibiotics on Activated carbon in AQUEOUS Solution As affected by
Heavy Metals. Similarly, few Studies Have been Reported About The
Effect of Heavy Metals on Activated carbon in AQUEOUS Solution As
affected by Antibiotics.
The objectives of this Study were to investigate The adsorption
and Cosorption of Ni (II) and CIP on Activated carbon in AQUEOUS
Solution As. a function of time, pH and Initial Solution Concentration.
Specific Focus was on The Effect of chemistry on The Solution
onto Activated carbon adsorption, and to Explore their Interaction
Mechanisms.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 3:

Antibiotics have been used for several decades as medicine for
human and animals. The primary drug elimination mechanisms. Of
antibiotics from organisms are via urine, and feces so essentially all
antibiotics taken are, ultimately excreted whether. Unchanged or in
metabolite form [,]. These 1 2 residues could threaten surface water
and even groundwater as a result of leaching. From agricultural
.Fields [3]. Many studies showed that CIP residues were widespread
in wastewater and surface water with high concentrations. [4 - 6]
and were poorly removed by sewage treatment plants due to the
bacteria-inhibiting effect. As a, synthetic antibiotic. Ciprofloxacin
(CIP) is categorized as the second generation of fluoroquinolones
and has the strongest antimicrobial, activity. The presence of CIP in
.Aqueous solution even in, low concentrations can result, in the
development of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Therefore. Its removal
from water has become an increasingly important concern. Even
so there are, few researches dealing with the. Elimination, of CIP
when compared with other antibiotics.
As a naturally, occurring element nickel is 5th most abundant
element.