The presence of this high temperature
metallic-char had provided a reducing chemical environment in
which the metallic-char acted an intermediate reductant to reduce
the adsorbed metals or metal oxides into metallic states ((R10)
and (R11)) which then functioned as a catalyst to provide more
reaction sites that enhanced the cracking and heterogeneous reactions
that occurred during the pyrolysis to convert the waste oil
into producing higher yields of light hydrocarbons,H2 and CO gases
in the pyrolysis products.