1. PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE PATHOVARSIt

1. PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE PATHOVARS
It seems a little unfair that a team of pathovars has been voted for an award,
a bit like a relay team winning the 400-m individual Olympic gold medal. It
may of course be argued that the pathovar designation is really unjustified
and that we are dealing with one remarkably versatile single species, Pseudomonas
syringae. This debate is now being resurrected by the emerging
detail from genomic sequencing. The criteria for this award were importance
to basic science and impact on food production and/or the environment—
P. syringae scores heavily on all counts.
The economic impact of P. syringae is increasing, with a resurgence of old
diseases, including bacterial speck of tomato (pv. tomato; Shenge et al.,
2007), and the emergence of new infections of importance worldwide, such
as bleeding canker of horse-chestnut (pv. aesculi; Green et al., 2010). The
European Handbook of Plant Diseases (Smith et al., 1988) describes 28
pathovars, each attacking a different host species. We can now add pv.
aesculi to this list. Several pathovars cause long-term problems in trees, often
through the production of distortions and cankers (e.g. pathovars savastanoi
and morsprunorum). Infections of annual crops are more sporadic, and
outbreaks are often caused by sowing contaminated seed. Many reports
highlight the seed-borne nature of P. syringae, but it is a remarkably adaptive
pathogen, emerging in some apparently bizarre sites, such as snow melt
waters (Morris et al., 2007). Once new infections have established, given
favourable conditions of rainfall and temperatures, disease outbreaks are
often devastating, as observed with bean halo blight caused by pv. phaseolicola
(Murillo et al., 2010).
Research into the molecular biology of virulence and plant defence
against P. syringae has opened up new insights into microbial pathogenicity,
not only with regard to plants but also with more general significance to
human diseases. Pathovars phaseolicola and tomato have emerged as excellent
models for fundamental studies on bacterial attack and plant defence
(Arnold et al., 2011; Preston, 2000). Notable examples are discoveries
concerning the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) gene cluster
encoding the type III secretion system (see Fig. 1), effector trafficking and
host targets for defence suppression (Huynh et al., 1989; Jovanovic et al.,
2011; Kvitko et al., 2009; Li et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2010).
Pseudomonas syringae leads the field in the impact of high-throughput
sequencing technologies on our understanding of pathogenicity. Remarkably,
the prediction by O’Brien et al. (2011) that, ‘. . . at least two dozen new
P. syringae genomes will be released this year’, has been proven to be
correct with the publication of the landmark study by Baltrus et al. (2011). So
far, a perhaps unexpected feature is that pathovars colonizing strongly
unrelated plants are being closely grouped together, for example pv. savastanoi
(olive) and pv. phaseolicola (bean) both lie within the same clade.
Genomic analysis, initiated by Joardar et al. (2005) and Lindeberg et al.
(2008), has perhaps the most potential for unravelling the determinants of
host specificity. As more genomic sequences are completed, further insight
should be gained into the still puzzling role of effector proteins and toxins in
defining host range within the species.
Pseudomonas syringae pathovars represent not only the premier plant
pathogenic bacterial grouping, but would also probably top the all time
pathogen charts including fungi and oomycetes. Research on the effector
biology of the filamentous pathogens is very much following in the wake
of advances made with P. syringae (Cunnac et al., 2009; Hann et al., 2010;
Oliva et al., 2010).
Fig.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 2:

Pseudomonas syringae PATHOVARS 1.
It seems unfair that a Team of Pathovars a Little has been voted for an award,
a bit like a Relay Team Winning the 400-M individual Olympic Gold medal. It
of course be argued that the May Pathovar designation is Really Unjustified
and that we are remarkably versatile Dealing with one single species, Pseudomonas
syringae. Debate this is now being resurrected by the emerging
genomic sequencing detail from. The criteria for this award were importance
to Basic Science and Impact on Food Production and / or the Environment-
P. Scores syringae heavily on all counts.
The Economic Impact of P. syringae is increasing, with a Resurgence of Old
diseases, including bacterial speck of Tomato (pv. Tomato; Shenge et Al.,
2,007th), and the emergence of New Infections of importance. Worldwide, such
bleeding canker As of Horse-Chestnut (pv. Aesculi; Green et Al., two thousand and ten). The
European Handbook of Plant Diseases (Smith et Al., the 1988th) describes 28
Pathovars, each Host attacking a different species. Can we now Add pv.
Aesculi to this list. Cause long-term problems in several Pathovars Trees, often
Through the Production of distortions and cankers (eg Pathovars Savastanoi
and Morsprunorum). Infections of Annual Crops More are sporadic, and
Outbreaks often are caused by contaminated Seed Sowing. Many reports
Highlight the Seed of P. syringae Nature-borne, but it is a remarkably Adaptive
pathogen, apparently emerging in Bizarre Some sites, such As Snow melt
Waters (Morris et Al., 2007th). New Infections have once established, given
Favourable conditions of rainfall and temperatures, disease Outbreaks are
often devastating, As observed with Bean Halo Blight caused by pv. Phaseolicola
(Murillo et Al., 2.01 thousand).
Research into the molecular and virulence of Plant Biology defense
against P. syringae has opened up New insights into microbial pathogenicity,
not only with regard to More Plants but also with general significance to
Human diseases. Pathovars Phaseolicola have emerged and Tomato Excellent As
fundamental models for Studies on bacterial Plant Attack and defense
(Arnold et Al., 2,011; Preston, the 2 thousandth). Notable examples are Discoveries
concerning the hypersensitive Response and pathogenicity (HRP) Gene Cluster
encoding the Type III secretion System (See Fig. 1), effector trafficking and
Host targets for defense suppression (Huynh et Al., the 1989th; Jovanovic et Al.,
2,011th. ; Kvitko et Al., 2009th; Li et Al., 2002; Zhang et Al., 2010th).
Pseudomonas syringae Leads the field in the Impact of High-throughput
sequencing Technologies on our understanding of pathogenicity. Remarkably,
the prediction by O'Brien et Al. (2011) that, '. . . at least Two Dozen New
P. syringae genomes Will be Released this year ', has been proven to be
Correct with the Publication of the Landmark Study by Baltrus et Al. (2011). So
Far, a Feature Unexpected perhaps that is strongly colonizing Pathovars
unrelated Plants are being closely grouped Together, for example pv. Savastanoi
(Olive) and pv. Phaseolicola (Bean) both lie Within the Same clade.
Genomic Analysis, initiated by Joardar et Al. (In 2005) and Lindeberg et Al.
(2 008), has perhaps the Most potential for unraveling the determinants of
Host specificity. As More genomic sequences are completed, further Insight
should be gained into the still puzzling role of effector proteins and toxins in
Defining Host Range Within the species.
Pseudomonas syringae Pathovars represent not only the Premier Plant
pathogenic bacterial grouping, but would also probably top the all. time
Charts pathogen including fungi and oomycetes. Research on the effector
Biology of the filamentous pathogens is very much following in the Wake
of Advances Made with P. syringae (Cunnac et Al., 2,009th; Hann et Al., 2,010;
Oliva et Al., 2,010).
Fig.