PPOs also produce ROS. These two paths occur as soon as the cell compartmentalization is disrupted and PPO, is released. From the thylakoid to react with phenolic substrates from the vacuole. PPOs appear frequently upon wounding and are, therefore. Suggested to play a defensive role. For instance PPO activity, has been associated with resistance to L. Decemlineata Melanoplus,, Spp. (grasshoppers), and Lepidopteran larvae. Furthermore down-regulation of, PPOs in S. Lycopersicum leaves lead to hypersensitivity. To the Pseudomonas syringae bacteria while overexpression, increased the disease resistance. Moreover the overexpression,, Decreased the growth rate 2.5-fold in S. Litura and increased, the mortality up to 3.3-fold. The reason for this is expected. To be the highly reactive o-quinones which will, covalently modify free amino acids thereby reducing, the nutritive value. Of proteins. PPOs can also be combined with specific phenolic substrates in glandular trichomes to produce a kind of super. " Glue. "To trap smaller insects.
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