The environmental Kuznets curve is

The environmental Kuznets curve is a hypothesized relationship between various
indicators of environmental degradation and income per capita. In the early
stages of economic growth degradation and pollution increase, but beyond some
level of income per capita (which will vary for different indicators) the trend
reverses, so that at high-income levels economic growth leads to environmental
improvement. This implies that the environmental impact indicator is an inverted
U-shaped function of income per capita. Typically the logarithm of the indicator is
modeled as a quadratic function of the logarithm of income. An example of an
estimated EKC is shown in Figure 1. The EKC is named for Kuznets (1955) who
hypothesized income inequality first rises and then falls as economic
development proceeds

The EKC is an essentially empirical phenomenon, but most of the EKC
literature is econometrically weak. It is very easy to do bad econometrics and the
history of the EKC exemplifies what can go wrong. The EKC idea rose to
prominence because few paid sufficient attention to econometric diagnostic
statistics. Little or no attention has been paid to the statistical properties of the
data used such as serial dependence or stochastic trends in time series and few
tests of model adequacy have been carried out or presented. However, one of
the main purposes of doing econometrics is to test which apparent relationships,
or "stylized facts", are valid and which are spurious correlations.
When we do take such statistics into account and use appropriate
techniques we find that the EKC does not exist (Perman and Stern 2003).
Instead we get a more realistic view of the effect of economic growth and
technological changes on environmental quality. It seems that most indicators of
environmental degradation are monotonically rising in income though the
"income elasticity" is less than one and is not a simple function of income alone.
Time related effects reduce environmental impacts in countries at all levels of
income. However, in rapidly growing middle income countries the scale effect,
which increases pollution and other degradation, overwhelms the time effect. In
wealthy countries, growth is slower, and pollution reduction efforts can overcome
the scale effect. This is the origin of the apparent EKC effect.

ผลลัพธ์ (แอฟริกา) 1:

Die Environmental Kuznets kurwe is 'n hipotetiese verhouding tussen die verskillende
aanwysers van inkomste per capita en omgewingsagteruitgang. Vroeg in die
stadiums van agteruitgang en besoedeling ekonomiese groei te verhoog, maar Beyond Sommige
vlak van inkomste per capita (wat sal wissel vir verskillende aanwysers) die tendens
omkeer, sodat by High-inkomstevlakke Ekonomiese groei lei tot Omgewingsbestuur
verbetering. Dit impliseer dat die Omgewingsimpakverslag aanwyser is 'n omgekeerde
U-vormige funksie van inkomste per capita. Tipies die logaritme van die aanwyser is
gemodelleer as 'n kwadratiese funksie van die logaritme van inkomste. 'N Voorbeeld van 'n
geskatte ekc word in Figuur 1. Die ekc is vernoem na Kuznets (1955) Wie
Ongelykheid Eerste vermoed inkomste styg en val dan as Ekonomiese
Ontwikkeling gaan voort

Die ekc is in wese 'n empiriese verskynsel, maar die meeste van die ekc
literatuur is ekonometries. swak. Dit is baie maklik om te Bad Ekonometrie doen en die
geskiedenis van die ekc voorbeeld Wat kan verkeerd gaan. Die ekc Idee gestyg tot
prominensie want min aandag geskenk aan ekonometriese voldoende Diagnostiese
Statistiek. Aandag is daaraan geskenk Min of geen van die eienskappe van die Statistiese
Data gebruik soos Serial afhanklikheid of stogastiese reeks tendense in die tyd en 'n paar
toetse is uitgevoer of geskiktheid van Model aangebied word. Maar een van
die hoofdoelwitte van doen Ekonometrie is om te toets wat duidelik verhoudings,
of "gestileerde feite", is geldig en wat onwaar korrelasies is.
Wanneer ons neem so Statistiek in ag en gebruik gepaste
tegnieke wat ons vind dat die ekc nie. bestaan (Perman en Stern die 2003).
In plaas daarvan kry ons 'n meer realistiese siening van die uitwerking van die ekonomiese groei en
Omgewing tegnologiese veranderinge op gehalte. Dit blyk dat die meeste aanwysers van
omgewingsagteruitgang, is Monotoon al Rising inkomste in die
"inkomste-elastisiteit" Minder as een is en nie 'n funksie van inkomste alleen Eenvoudige.
Tyd Verminder Omgewing effekte verwant impak in lande op alle vlakke van
inkomste. Maar in lande die inkomste skaal effek MIDDLE vinnig groeiende,
wat besoedeling en ander agteruitgang verhoog, oorweldig die tyd effek. In
ryk lande, groei is stadiger, en Besoedeling Vermindering pogings kan oorkom
die skaal effek. Dit is die oorsprong van die oënskynlike ekc effek.