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a b s t r a c t
Alternative transportation fuels, preferably from renewable sources, include alcohols with up to five or
even more carbon atoms. They are considered promising because they can be derived from biological
matter via established and new processes. In addition, many of their physical-chemical properties are
compatible with the requirements of modern engines, which make them attractive either as replacements
for fossil fuels or as fuel additives. Indeed, alcohol fuels have been used since the early years
of automobile production, particularly in Brazil, where ethanol has a long history of use as an automobile
fuel. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the use of non-petroleum-based fuels made from
biological sources, including alcohols (predominantly ethanol), as important liquid biofuels. Today, the
ethanol fuel that is offered in the market is mainly made from sugar cane or corn. Its production as a
first-generation biofuel, especially in North America, has been associated with publicly discussed
drawbacks, such as reduction in the food supply, need for fertilization, extensive water usage, and other
ecological concerns. More environmentally friendly processes are being considered to produce alcohols
from inedible plants or plant parts on wasteland. While biofuel production and its use (especially ethanol
and biodiesel) in internal combustion engines have been the focus of several recent reviews, a dedicated
overview and summary of research on alcohol combustion chemistry is still lacking. Besides ethanol,
many linear and branched members of the alcohol family, from methanol to hexanols, have been studied,
with a particular emphasis on butanols. These fuels and their combustion properties, including their
ignition, flame propagation, and extinction characteristics, their pyrolysis and oxidation reactions, and
their potential to produce pollutant emissions have been intensively investigated in dedicated experiments
on the laboratory and the engine scale, also emphasizing advanced engine concepts. Research
results addressing combustion reaction mechanisms have been reported based on results from pyrolysis
and oxidation reactors, shock tubes, rapid compression machines, and research engines. This work is
complemented by the development of detailed combustion models with the support of chemical kinetics
and quantum chemistry. This paper seeks to provide an introduction to and overview of recent results on
alcohol combustion by highlighting pertinent aspects of this rich and rapidly increasing body of information.
As such, this paper provides an initial source of references and guidance regarding the present
status of combustion experiments on alcohols and models of alcohol combustion.

2014 Elsevier Ltd. All right

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 1:

I love b t s translation
c r a t a
Alternative transportation fuels, preferably from renewable sources, to include five up with alcohols or carbon atoms even more
. They are considered promising because they can be derived from biological processes via new and established matter
. In addition, many of their physical-chemical properties are compatible with the modern requirements of powerful engines, which make them attractive either as replacements
for fossil fuels or as fuel additives. Indeed, alcohol fuels have been used since the early years
of automobile production, particularly in Brazil, where ethanol has a long history of use as an automobile
fuel. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the use of non-petroleum-based fuels made from
biological sources, including alcohols (predominantly ethanol), as important liquid biofuels. Today, the
ethanol fuel that is offered in the market is mainly made from sugar cane or corn. Its production as a
first-generation biofuel, especially in North America, has been associated with publicly discussed
drawbacks, such as reduction in the food supply, need for fertilization, extensive water usage, and other
ecological concerns. More environmentally friendly processes are being considered to produce alcohols
from inedible plants or plant parts on wasteland. While biofuel production and its use (especially ethanol
and biodiesel) in internal combustion engines have been the focus of several recent reviews, a dedicated
overview and summary of research on alcohol combustion chemistry is still lacking. Besides ethanol,
many linear and branched members of the alcohol family, from methanol to hexanols, have been studied,
with a particular emphasis on butanols. These fuels and their combustion properties, including their
ignition, flame propagation, and extinction characteristics, their pyrolysis and oxidation reactions, and
their potential to produce pollutant emissions have been intensively investigated in dedicated experiments
on the laboratory and the engine scale, also emphasizing advanced engine concepts. Research
results addressing combustion reaction mechanisms have been reported based on results from pyrolysis
and oxidation reactors, shock tubes, rapid compression machines, and research engines. This work is
complemented by the development of detailed combustion models with the support of chemical kinetics
and quantum chemistry. This paper seeks to provide an introduction to and overview of recent results on
alcohol combustion by highlighting pertinent aspects of this rich and rapidly increasing body of information.
As such, this paper provides an initial source of references and guidance regarding the present
status of combustion experiments on alcohols and models of alcohol combustion.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All right

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 2:

I love to translate
abstract
Alternative Transportation Fuels, preferably from Renewable Sources, include alcohols with up to Five or.
Even more Carbon atoms. They are considered Promising Because they Can be Derived from Biological.
Matter via established and New processes. In addition, Many of their physical-Chemical Properties are.
compatible with The requirements of Modern engines, which Make them attractive either As Replacements.
for Fossil Fuels or As Fuel Additives. Indeed, Alcohol Fuels Have been Used since The Early years.
of Automobile production, particularly in Brazil, Where ethanol has a long history of Use As. an Automobile
Fuel. Recently, Increasing Attention has been paid to The Use of non-Petroleum-based Fuels Made from.
Biological Sources, including alcohols (predominantly ethanol), As important Liquid Biofuels. Today, The.
ethanol Fuel that is Offered in The market is. mainly Made from Sugar Cane or Corn. Its production As a.
First-Generation biofuel, especially in North America, has been Associated with publicly discussed.
drawbacks, Such As Reduction in The Food Supply, Need for fertilization, Extensive Water Usage, and Other.
Ecological Concerns . More Environmentally Friendly processes are being considered to Produce alcohols.
from inedible Plants or Plant Parts on Wasteland. While biofuel production and ITS Use (especially ethanol.
and Biodiesel) in internal COMBUSTION engines Have been The Focus of Several recent reviews, a Dedicated.
Overview and summary of Research on Alcohol COMBUSTION chemistry is Still lacking. Besides ethanol,.
Many Linear and branched Members of The Alcohol Family, from methanol to Hexanols, Have been studied,.
with a particular emphasis on BUTANOLS. These Fuels and their COMBUSTION Properties, including their.
ignition, Flame propagation, and extinction characteristics, their pyrolysis and oxidation reactions, and.
their Potential to Produce Pollutant emissions Have been intensively Investigated in Dedicated experiments.
on The Laboratory and The Engine Scale, also emphasizing advanced Engine Concepts. Research.
results addressing COMBUSTION Reaction Mechanisms Have been Reported. based on results from pyrolysis
and oxidation reactors, Shock tubes, Rapid compression Machines, and Research engines. This Work is.
complemented by The Development of Detailed COMBUSTION models with The support of Chemical Kinetics.
and Quantum chemistry. This Paper seeks to Provide an Introduction to and. Overview of recent results on
Alcohol COMBUSTION by highlighting pertinent aspects of this rich and rapidly Increasing Body of information.
As Such, this Paper provides an Initial Source of references and Guidance regarding The Present.
Status of COMBUSTION experiments on alcohols and models of Alcohol COMBUSTION.
? 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All right

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 3:

I love translation
a b s t r a C T
Alternative, transportation fuels preferably from renewable sources include alcohols, with. Up to five or
even more carbon atoms. They are considered promising because they can be derived from biological
matter via. Established and new processes. In addition many of, their physical-chemical properties are
compatible with the requirements. Of, modern enginesWhich make them attractive either as replacements
for fossil fuels or as fuel additives. Indeed alcohol fuels, have been. Used since the early years
of, automobile production particularly in Brazil where ethanol, has a long history of use as. An automobile
fuel. Recently increasing attention, has been paid to the use of non-petroleum-based fuels made from
biological. Sources.Including alcohols (predominantly ethanol), as important liquid, biofuels. Today the
ethanol fuel that is offered in the. Market is mainly made from sugar cane or corn. Its production as a
first-generation biofuel especially in North America,,, Has been associated with publicly discussed
drawbacks such as, reduction in the food supply need for fertilization extensive,,, Water, usage and other
.Ecological concerns. More environmentally friendly processes are being considered to produce alcohols
from inedible plants. Or plant parts on wasteland. While biofuel production and its use (especially ethanol
and biodiesel) in internal combustion. Engines have been the focus of several, recent reviews a dedicated
overview and summary of research on alcohol combustion. Chemistry is still lacking.Besides ethanol
many, linear and branched members of the alcohol family from methanol, to hexanols have been studied
with,,, A particular emphasis on Butanols. These fuels and their, combustion properties including their
ignition flame propagation,,, And extinction characteristics their pyrolysis, and, oxidation reactions and
.Their potential to produce pollutant emissions have been intensively investigated in dedicated experiments
on the laboratory. And the, engine scale also emphasizing advanced engine concepts. Research
results addressing combustion reaction mechanisms. Have been reported based on results from pyrolysis
and oxidation reactors shock tubes, rapid compression machines and,,, Research engines.This work is
complemented by the development of detailed combustion models with the support of chemical kinetics
and quantum. Chemistry. This paper seeks to provide an introduction to and overview of recent results on
alcohol combustion by highlighting. Pertinent aspects of this rich and rapidly increasing body of information.
As, suchThis paper provides an initial source of references and guidance regarding the present
status of combustion experiments. On alcohols and models of alcohol combustion.

2014 Elsevier Ltd. All right.