The aim of <br>this study was to examine whether 6-shogaol inhibits AD-like skin lesions and their<br>underlying mechanism in vivo and in vitro. An AD-like response was induced by tumor <br>necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) + IFN-γ in human keratinocytes or by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene <br>(DNCB) in mice. In vivo, 6-shogaol inhibited the development of DNCB-induced AD-like <br>skin lesions and scratching behavior, and showed significant reduction in Th2/1-mediated <br>inflammatory cytokines, IgE, TNF-α, IFN-γ, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, IL-<br>1, 4, 12, and 13, cyclooxygenase-2, and nitric oxide synthase levels. In vitro, 6-shogaol <br>inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) <br>signaling, and increased the levels of total glutathione, heme oxygenase-1, and quinone 1 via <br>nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation. 6-shogaol can alleviate AD-like <br>skin lesions by inhibiting immune mediators via regulating the ROS/MAPKs/Nrf2 signaling <br>pathway, and may be an effective alternative therapy for AD.
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