Global positioning system (GPS) is

Global positioning system (GPS) is a satellite-based structure
for navigation and positioning. It has become the backbone
of many aspects of our life. GPS has many applications, such
as vehicle navigation, recreation, marine navigation, airborne
navigation, time transfer, rescues, mapping, and missile guidance.
GPS technology offers different positioning techniques
varying in cost and accuracy. The simple positioning technique
is called “autonomous positioning,” which is the most
flexible positioning form and is the original positioning technique
that GPS was designed for. However, because of the
errors caused by satellite ephemerides, satellite clock,
ionosphere, troposphere, multipath, and noise, the
A. Farah (B)
College of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
e-mail: [e-mail]
autonomous point positioning provides the user a horizontal
accuracy of ≤13 m and a vertical accuracy of ≤22 m [1].
To obtain higher accuracy down to the centimeter level,
the user needs to mitigate the above-mentioned errors using
the spatial correlation between one or more reference stations
with known coordinates and the nearby rover GPS
receiver station whose coordinates are to be determined. The
distance-dependant errors are equal for receivers very close to
one another, but as the distance between receivers increases,
the relative errors between receivers increase. Site-dependant
errors, like multipath and receiver noise, are not correlated
with inter-receiver distances. The GPS positioning technique
that uses the concept of spatial correlation is known as differential
GPS (DGPS) [2]. The limitations for DGPS are as
follows: the need for a reference station, the distance limitation
between the rover and reference station (the separation
between the rover and reference stations in the case of realtime
kinematic (RTK) is required to be

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 1:

Global positioning system (GPS) is a satellite-based structurefor navigation and positioning. It has become the backboneof many aspects of our life. GPS has many applications, suchas vehicle navigation, recreation, marine navigation, airbornenavigation, time transfer, rescues, mapping, and missile guidance.GPS technology offers different positioning techniquesvarying in cost and accuracy. The simple positioning techniqueis called "autonomous positioning," which is the mostflexible positioning form and is the original positioning techniquethat GPS was designed for. However, because of theerrors caused by satellite ephemerides, satellite clock,ionosphere, troposphere, multipath, and noise, theA. Farah (B)College of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypte-mail: [e-mail] point positioning provides the user a horizontalaccuracy of ≤13 m and a vertical accuracy of ≤22 m [1].To obtain higher accuracy down to the centimeter level,the user needs to mitigate the above-mentioned errors usingthe spatial correlation between one or more reference stationswith known coordinates and the nearby rover GPSreceiver station whose coordinates are to be determined. Thedistance-dependant errors are equal for receivers very close toone another, but as the distance between receivers increases,the relative errors between receivers increase. Site-dependanterrors, like multipath and receiver noise, are not correlatedwith inter-receiver distances. The GPS positioning techniquethat uses the concept of spatial correlation is known as differentialGPS (DGPS) [2]. The limitations for DGPS are asfollows: the need for a reference station, the distance limitationbetween the rover and reference station (the separationbetween the rover and reference stations in the case of realtimekinematic (RTK) is required to be <20 km, while inthe case of network- based RTK, the separation could allowup to 50 km) [2], and the need for simultaneous observationsbetween the reference and rover stations, which increases thecost of DGPS over autonomous positioning.The PPP technique [3] aims at correcting the observationserrors and overcomes the DGPS limitations. PPP isan enhanced single-point positioning technique for code orphase measurements using precise orbits and clocks insteadof broadcast data. PPP became viable with the existence ofthe extremely precise ephemerides and clock corrections,offered by different organizations such as the InternationalGNSS Service (IGS). IGS has been providing the most precisesatellite ephemerides and clock corrections currentlyavailable [4]. To compensate for ionospheric effects (thelargest source of error for GPS observations), dual-frequencymeasurements are used for an ionosphere-free combination.In the case of single-frequency observations, some kind of1232014 Arab J Sci Eng (2015) 40:2013–2019ionosphere modeling has to be applied. For better accuracy,PPP users are advised with dual-frequency measurements asit is the most efficient way of mitigating ionospheric delay.PPP was first developed for use in static applications (forexample, [3]) and has been studied extensively in recentyears ([5–13]). Kinematic PPP is being increasingly usedin research and survey applications with the developmentof final, near-real-time, or real-time satellite orbit and clockproducts. It is used, for example, in airborne and marineapplications, in sparsely populated regions, such as in mountains,prairies, or desert regions, and in areas where the GNSSinfrastructure is poorly developed [14] and [15]. Some referencesand results in the field of kinematic PPP are as follows:In [16], tests of kinematic PPP for a vehicle and a helicopterwere conducted. The results indicate that positioning informationwith an accuracy level of 10 cm could be obtained. In[17], GAPS software was used to determine the trajectory ofa boat via kinematic PPP. The results include RMS values of6.5, 5.5, and 13.9 cm for the North, East, and up components,respectively. In [18], the IGS station SHAO was evaluated inkinematic mode on days 295, 296, and 297 of the year 2007.The maximum mean differences were 0.6, 3.2, and 4.3 cmfor the North, East, and up components, respectively. In [19],seven continuous days (24 h, 30 s observation files) of data for2 IGS stations were processed using kinematic PPP with theCSRS-PPP software. Centimetric standard deviations in boththe horizontal and the vertical components were obtained. In[20], the researchers analyzed 14 days of continuous observationsof a ferry route between Lauvvik and Oanes (Norway)at a 1 Hz observation rate. The comparison of the PPP resultswith the reference trajectory computed via differential positioningyielded mean error rates of 6.7 and 10.0 cm for thehorizontal and vertical components, respectively. Finally, in[21], one static station was processed using kinematic PPP.Not taking into account the first 2 h of

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 2:

Global Positioning System (GPS) is a Satellite-based structure
for navigation and Positioning. It has Become the backbone
of our MANY aspects of Life. GPS has MANY Applications, such
as Vehicle navigation, Recreation, Marine navigation, airborne
navigation, Transfer time, Rescues, Mapping, and Missile Guidance.
GPS Positioning Technology offers different techniques
varying in cost and accuracy. Positioning the Simple Technique
is Called "Positioning autonomous," which is the Most
Flexible Positioning is the Original Positioning Technique and form
that was designed for GPS. However, because of the
ephemerides Errors caused by Satellite, Satellite Clock,
ionosphere, troposphere, multipath, and Noise, the
A. Farah (B)
College of Engineering, University Aswan, Aswan, Egypt
E-mail: [e-mail]
autonomous Point Positioning provides the user a horizontal
accuracy of a Vertical accuracy of ≤22 ≤13 M and M [1].
Higher accuracy down to the centimeter to obtain level,
the user Needs to mitigate the above-mentioned Errors using
the spatial correlation between one or more Reference stations
with Known Coordinates and the nearby Rover GPS
Receiver Station whose Coordinates are to be determined. The
Distance-Dependant Errors are very close to Equal Receivers for
one another, but as the Distance between Receivers increases,
the Relative Errors between Receivers increase. Site-Dependant
Errors, like multipath and Receiver Noise, are not correlated
with Inter-Receiver distances. The GPS Positioning Technique
that uses the spatial correlation of Concept is Known as differential
GPS (DGPS) [2]. The limitations for DGPS are as
follows: the Need for a Reference Station, the Distance Limitation
between the Rover and Reference Station (the Separation
between the Rover and Reference stations in the Case of realtime
kinematic (RTK) is required to be <20 km,. while in
the Case of Network- based RTK, the Separation could Allow
up to 50 km) [2], and the Need for simultaneous observations
between the Reference and Rover stations, which increases the
cost of DGPS Positioning over autonomous.
The PPP Technique [. 3] aims at correcting the observations
Errors and overcomes the limitations DGPS. PPP is
an Enhanced single-Point Positioning Technique for code or
phase measurements using Precise Clocks and orbits instead
of broadcast Data. PPP became viable with the existence of
the extremely Precise ephemerides and Clock CORRECTIONS,
Offered by different organizations such as the International
GNSS Service (IGS). IGS has been providing the Most Precise
Clock Satellite ephemerides and CORRECTIONS currently
available [4]. To compensate for ionospheric effects (the
largest source of Error for GPS observations), dual-frequency
measurements are used for an ionosphere-free combination.
In the Case of single-frequency observations, Some Kind of
123
in 2014 Arab J Sci Eng (2 015). 40: 2013-2019
has to be Applied Modeling ionosphere. For better accuracy,
PPP Users are advised with dual-frequency measurements as
it is the Most efficient Way of Mitigating ionospheric Delay.
PPP was First developed for use in static Applications (for
example, [3]) and has been studied extensively in recent
years. ([5-13]). Kinematic PPP is being increasingly used
in Survey Research and Applications with the Development
of Final, near-Real-time, or Real-time Satellite Orbit and Clock
Products. It is used, for example, airborne and in Marine
Applications, in sparsely populated Regions, such as in Mountains,
prairies, desert or Regions, and in the areas where GNSS
Infrastructure is poorly developed [14] and [15]. Some references
and results in the Field of kinematic PPP are as follows:
In [16], tests of kinematic PPP for a Vehicle and a helicopter
were conducted. The results indicate that Positioning information
with an accuracy level of 10 cm could be obtained. In
[17], was used GAPS Software to Determine the trajectory of
a Boat via kinematic PPP. The results include RMS values ​​of
6.5, 5.5, and 13.9 cm for the North, East, and up components,
respectively. In [18], the IGS Station shaō was evaluated in
kinematic mode on days 295, 296, and 297 of the year 2007.
The maximum Mean differences were 0.6, 3.2, and 4.3 cm
for the North, East, and up components, respectively. . In [19],
Seven continuous days (24 H, 30 Observation Files s) of Data for
IGS stations were 2 Processed using kinematic PPP with the
CSRS-PPP Software. Centimetric standard deviations in both
the horizontal and the Vertical components were obtained. In
[20], the researchers analyzed 14 days of continuous observations
of a Ferry Route between Lauvvik and Oanes (Norway)
at a 1 Hz rate Observation. The comparison of the PPP results
with the Reference trajectory computed via differential Positioning
yielded Mean Error Rates of 6.7 and 10.0 cm for the
Vertical and horizontal components, respectively. Finally, in
[21], was one static Station Processed using kinematic PPP.
Not taking Into the First Account of H 2.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 3:

Global positioning system (GPS) is a satellite-based structure.For navigation and positioning. It has become the backbone.Of many aspects of our life. GPS has, many applications such.As vehicle navigation recreation marine navigation airborne,,,,Navigation time transfer,,,, rescues mapping and missile guidance.GPS technology offers different positioning techniques.Varying in cost and accuracy. The simple positioning technique.Is called "autonomous positioning," which is the most.Flexible positioning form and is the original positioning technique.That GPS was designed for. However because of, the.Errors caused by satellite ephemerides satellite clock,,Ionosphere troposphere multipath,,,,, and noise theA. Farah (B).College of Engineering Aswan University Aswan Egypt,,,,E-mail: [e-mail] point positioning provides the user a horizontal.Accuracy of < = 13 m and a vertical accuracy of < = 22 1 m [].To obtain higher accuracy down to the, centimeter levelThe user needs to mitigate the above-mentioned errors using.The spatial correlation between one or more reference stations.With known coordinates and the nearby Rover GPS.Receiver station whose coordinates are to be determined. The.Distance-dependant errors are equal for receivers very close to.One another but as, the distance between, receivers increasesThe relative errors between receivers increase. Site-dependant.Errors like multipath, and, receiver noise are not correlated.With inter-receiver distances. The GPS positioning technique.That uses the concept of spatial correlation is known as differential.GPS (DGPS) []. The 2 limitations for DGPS are as.Follows: the need for a reference station the distance, limitation.Between the rover and reference station (the separation.Between the rover and reference stations in the case of realtime.Kinematic (RTK) is required to be < 20 km while in,,The case of network - based RTK the separation, could allow.Up to 50 km) [], and 2 the need for simultaneous observations.Between the reference and Rover stations which increases, the.Cost of DGPS over autonomous positioning.The PPP technique [] aims 3 at correcting the observations.Errors and overcomes the DGPS limitations. PPP is.An enhanced single-point positioning technique for code or.Phase measurements using precise orbits and clocks instead.Of broadcast data. PPP became viable with the existence of.The extremely precise ephemerides and, clock correctionsOffered by different organizations such as the International.GNSS Service (IGS). IGS has been providing the most precise.Satellite ephemerides and clock corrections currently.Available [4]. To compensate for ionospheric effects (the.Largest source of error for GPS observations), dual-frequency.Measurements are used for an ionosphere-free combination.In the case of single-frequency observations some kind, of.123.2014 Arab J Sci Eng (2015) 40: 2013 - 2019.Ionosphere modeling has to be applied For, better accuracy.PPP users are advised with dual-frequency measurements as.It is the most efficient way of mitigating ionospheric delay.PPP was first developed for use in static applications (for.Example []), 3 and has been studied extensively in recent.Years ([]). 5 - 13 Kinematic PPP is being increasingly used.In research and survey applications with the development.Of, final near-real-time or real-time, satellite orbit and clock.Products. It is used for example, in airborne, and marine.Applications in sparsely, populated regions such as in mountains,,Prairies or regions and, desert, in areas where the GNSS.Infrastructure is poorly developed [] []. 14 and 15 Some references.And results in the field of kinematic PPP are as follows:In [16], tests of kinematic PPP for a vehicle and a helicopter.Were conducted. The results indicate that positioning information.With an accuracy level of 10 cm could be obtained. In.[], GAPS 17 software was used to determine the trajectory of.A boat via kinematic PPP. The results include RMS values of.,, 6.5 5.5 and 13.9 cm for the North East and up components,,,Respectively. In [18], the IGS station SHAO was evaluated in.Kinematic mode on, days 295 296 and 297, of the year 2007.The maximum mean differences were 0.6 3.2 and 4.3 cm,,,For the North East and up components,,, [], In 19 respectively.Seven continuous days (24 h 30 s, observation files) of data for.2 IGS stations were processed using kinematic PPP with the.CSRS-PPP software. Centimetric standard deviations in both.The horizontal and the vertical components were obtained. In.[], the 20 researchers analyzed 14 days of continuous observations.Of a ferry route between Lauvvik and Oanes (Norway).At a 1 Hz observation rate. The comparison of the PPP results.With the reference trajectory computed via differential positioning.Yielded mean error rates of 6.7 and 10.0 cm for the.Horizontal and vertical components respectively. Finally in,,,[], one 21 static station was processed using kinematic PPP.Not taking into account the f.