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ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 1:

Not naked

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 2:

3. "Rules of the Game": What values are incorporated within planning? What ethical dilemmas do planners face?
This growing complexity and uncertainty in the planner's stance between the public and private sectors also questions traditional ethical assumptions. As planners increasingly work in the private and quasi-private sectors, do the planners' clients become privatized as well? As Peter Marcuse's essay in this volume nicely outlines, a planner's loyalty is torn between serving employers, fellow planners, and the public. In this contested terrain of loyalties, what remains of the once-accepted cornerstone of planning: serving the public interest?
This dilemma is further complicated by the expansion of planning beyond just technocratic goals to address larger social, economic and environmental challenges. Within society at large the values of democracy, equality, and efficiency often clash. These conflicts are reflected in the choices planners must make. Planning has conflicting loyalties to the goals of economic development, social justice, and environmental protection. Despite the long-term promises of sustainable development, this triad of goals create deep-seated tensions not only between planners and the outside world, but also within planning itself (Campbell 1996).
Another ethical dimension arises from the difficulties surrounding the planner's role as expert. Questions concerning the proper balance between expertise and citizen input arise in issues like the siting of highways and waste disposal facilities, when particular social groups must bear the costs. They are played out, as Frank Fischer discusses (this volume), when experts seek to quantify risk, placing a monetary values on human life. They show up, as Martin Wachs (1982) argues, in the assumption used by model builders when they forecast the future impacts of public facilities. Critics of those purporting to use scientific expertise to justify policy doubt the legitimacy of the methods they employ, arguing that technical language disguises the values being interjected and functions to obscure who wins and who loses. But the development of technical forecasting methods nevertheless is necessary if planners are to fulfill their responsibility of designing policies for the long term.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 3:

naked