Where d0 means the near-Earth reference distance (which is.Determined experimentally) and D is the distance between.The transmitter and receiver. PL (D0) represents the received.Strength when the distance is d0 and the same goes for PL (d).When the distance is d. And the coefficient n indicates the.Rate of the loss exponent which varies with the complexity of.Environment and is always set to 2 ⇠ 4 under indoor circumstances.X! Is to model the shadowing effect which follows,,A Gaussian distribution (in dB) with mean zero and standard.Deviation!.
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