or even pathological. The group's lifestyles or ways of doing things are con- sidered inferior. Physical characteristics such as dark complexion, black hair, and brown eyes; cultural characteristics such as belief in non-Christian reli- gions (Islam, Confucianism, polytheism, etc.), collectivism, present time ori- entation, and the importance of shared wealth; and linguistic characteristics such as bilingualism, nonstandard English, speaking with an accent, use of nonverbal and contextual communication, and reliance on the oral tradition are usually seen as less desirable by the society. Studies consistently reveal that individuals who are physically different, who speak with an accent, and who adhere to different cultural beliefs and practices are more likely to be evaluated negatively in our schools and workplaces. Culturally different in- dividuals may be seen as less intelligent, less qualified, and more unpopular, and as possessing more undesirable traits.
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