if a direct interchange is working,

if a direct interchange is working, return flows of empty pallets are directly connected to forward deliveries; thus, uncertainty in pallet quantity could be reduced. Otherwise when a postponed interchange system is applied, return flows are more uncertain even if a maximum delay period is allowed by the company. Uncertainty in quality of return products could also affect the performance of closed loop pallet management systems .when direct interchange is applied, the quality of the returned flows is less uncertain than in postponed one as the quality check process is carried out immediately on the delivery trip.

if a direct interchange is working, return fl ows of empty pallets are directly connected to forward deliveries; thus, uncertainty in pallet quantity could be reduced. Otherwise when a postponed interchange system is applied, return fl ows are more uncertain even if a maximum delay period is allowed by the company. Uncertainty in quality of return products could also affect the performance of closed loop pallet management systems .when direct interchange is applied, the quality of the returned fl ows is less uncertain than in postponed one as the quality check process is carried out immediately on the delivery trip. .

If a direct interchange, is working return fl ows of empty pallets are directly connected to forward deliveries; thus uncertainty,, In pallet quantity could be reduced. Otherwise when a postponed interchange system is applied return fl, ows are more uncertain. Even if a maximum delay period is allowed by the company.Uncertainty in quality of return products could also affect the performance of closed loop pallet management systems. When. Direct interchange is applied the quality, of the returned fl ows is less uncertain than in postponed one as the quality check. Process is carried out immediately on the delivery trip.
.