ค่าบริการออกแบบเขียนแบบ

ค่าบริการออกแบบเขียนแบบ

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 1:

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ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 2:

Service Design

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 3:

Introduction.The black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) was for a long timean exclusive and important species for aquaculture in developingcountries. Because of its economic returns and livelihood of the arti-sanal fisher folk until its culture was hampered by bacterial. And viral diseases. The most important bacterial and viral pathogens are Vibrio harveyi and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Respectivelywhich result in mass mortalities in shrimp hatcheries and grow-outponds (Saulnier et al, 2000; Witteveldt et. Al, 2004). The crustaceans lack a highly evolved specific immune system unlike the irvertebrate counterparts and depend. Very much on non-specificcellular and humoral factors as the first line of defense againstinvading pathogens (Karunasagar. Et al, 2014). Pattern recognitionproteins (PRPs) present in the haemocytes of crustaceans recog-nize carbohydrate moieties. Of microbial cell wall components suchas lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or peptidoglycan (PG) from bacteria OR-1 3-glucans from,, Fungi (Soderhall et al, 1996; Amparyup et al, 2012). Humoral responses include the prophenoloxidase activatingsystem phosphatase,,, Lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as Penaeidins crustins anti-lipopolysaccharide,, factors (ALFs) and many more. (Rosa, and Barracco 2010). The inhibitory effects ofthe different AMPs isolated from P. Monodon have been presented ina. Recent review (Karunasagar et al, 2014). They are known to havebroad spectrum microbicidal activity at, micromolar levels. Synthe-sized utilizing less energy and amenable to easy storage. Their smallsize amphipathic structure, and cationic nature. Help rapid diffusionto the site of infection (Brogden 2005), and enable them to circum-vent the microbial resistance (Bax. Et al, 2000). Their therapeuticindex is high and can be exploited as potential novel antibiotics (Paulsen et al, 2013). Crustins. Are cationic cysteine-rich AMPs with a leader / signalsequence at, the N-terminus single whey acidic protein (WAP) domain at. The C-terminus and are expressed by the circulatinghaemocytes of crustaceans (Smith et al, 2008). They are released bydegranulation. Into the haemolymph upon microbial stimulation.Three types of crustins, designated I II and III have been reportedwith most. Shrimp crustins being type II. Several isoforms of crustinsare reported from shrimp and, other crustaceans varying in lengthand. Primary sequences (Smith et al, 2008). In vitro antimicrobialassays have demonstrated hitherto that crustin molecules are. Moreeffective against Gram-positive bacteria (Relf et al, 1999; Zhanget Al, 2007; Supungul et al, 2008; Imjongjirak et. Al, 2009; Sperstadet Al, 2009; Ghosh et al, 2011) with limited or reduced activityagainst Gram-negative bacteria. We. Report an isoform of crustinfrom the haemocytes of black tiger shrimp (P. Monodon) exhibiting potent anti-bacterial activity. Against a diverse range of severalGram positive and Gram negative bacteria comprising environmental and pathogenic isolates.