levers of control framework (Simons, 1995) are considered
CPM systems. Performance measurement systems adopting
diverse KPIs are also considered CPM systems, provided
that the KPIs are linked to the organization’s business
strategy. However, systems such as traditional budgeting
systems or activity-based costing systems will not be considered
CPM systems, mainly because they focus on cost
drivers that are measured in financial terms only. Thus,
they do not meet the requirement of having both financial
and non-financial performance measures.