Bumblebees (tribe Bombini, genus Bombus Latreille) play a vitally important role as native pollinators in temperate agricultural ecosystems [1–5]. They are especially important in mountain<br>ecosystems [6] and may be better pollinators than honey bees for many plant species in these<br>areas [7]. Because of this, some species of bumblebees have been employed commercially,<br>especially in greenhouses [3]. From the 1980s onwards, they have been used commercially in<br>greenhouses to pollinate tomatoes, eggplants, and strawberries and also for fruit trees [3, 8].<br>Several species have been used commercially around the world, including Bombus terrestris, B.<br>lucorum, B. occidentalis, B. ignitus and B. impatiens [3, 9, 10]. Some bumblebees species (B. terrestris, B. ruderatus, B. hortorum, and B. subterraneus) had been released in New Zealand for<br>targeted pollination in the 19th century [11]. Among species used commercially, the most frequent are B. terrestris in Europe and B. impatiens in North America [3]. The identification of<br>bumblebee species has been difficult because the colour patterns can be highly variable within<br>species and convergent among species [12].
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