Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) is a tro

Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) is a tropical tree reported to have nutritional, therapeutic and prophylactic properties (ReyesSanchez
et al., 2006; Moyo et al., 2010). MO originated from the Indian subcontinent, and later became naturalized in
tropical and subtropical areas around the world. It is known to produce high leaf mass which is a potential high quality
forage source for ruminants (Foidl et al., 2001; Sanchez-Machado et al., 2010). There are several advantages of using MO
foliage as ruminants feed: It is drought resistance and has the ability to grow on poor soils (Foidl et al., 2001); It produces
high leaf mass within a short period, and being perennial in nature, it can be harvested several times in the same growing
season (Mendieta-Araica et al., 2011a,b); MO leaves are characterized by high crude protein content, adequate amino acid
profile, high level of vitamins A, B, and C (Sanchez-Machado et al., 2010; Mendieta-Araica et al., 2011a; Sultana et al., 2015),
and high amounts of polyphenols resulting in elevated antioxidative activity (Verma et al., 2009). Moreover, MO leaves can
be fed fresh or dried, and after drying can be stored for long periods without deterioration in nutritive value (Foidl et al.,
2001).
Several research studies examined the effects of using fresh or dried hand-cut MO foliage as supplement or substitute for
local tropical forage or concentrates in the rations of lactating ruminants. Studies with low producing cows showed increase
in milk yield in response to feeding dried or fresh leaves and soft twigs of MO supplement (Reyes-Sanchez et al., 2006;
Mendieta-Araica et al., 2011a). Studies with lactating goats also showed an increase in milk yield in response to feeding MO
leaves as a sesame or concentrate replacer (Sultana et al., 2015).
Despite the great potential of using MO leaves as high quality animal feed, its global commercial use has been restricted
only to small farm holders leaning on hand-cut and not on modern machinery-based forage producers. The reasons for
this restricted exploration are: MO is a fast growing tree producing a thick trunk and branches that create problems for
commercial machinery-based harvesters (e.g. forage harvester or forage combine), routinely used in the forage production
industry; MO leaves are characterized by high moisture content (150–200 g/kg DM) and therefore became moldy during
direct ensiling, and needed a week of wilting in the field before successful ensiling (Cohen-Zinder et al., submitted for
publication).
To overcome these obstacles, a new genetic variety of M. oleifera was developed by Dr. Yiftach Vaknin (ARO, Israel) during
10 years of selective breeding of MO germplasm acquired from India and Western Africa. This new MO variety was grown
for the first time in the Mediterranean area at a high sowing density (160,000 seeds/Ha) under drip-irrigation, to produce
forage, which was harvested at intervals of 45 d (four harvests/year between July to November) to yield a total forage mass
of 35 t DM per ha. However, the residual trunk and thick branches left in the field after each harvest (at 20 cm height above
previous harvest), interfered physically with direct-wilting of the fresh high moisture forage (180–200 g/kg DM) in the field,
and dictated immediate evacuation of the fresh forage mass. A previous study that used pre-wilted (a week in the field)
MO silage as forage source for lactating cows (at a level of 130 g/kg of TMR DM) resulted in an increase in milk production
and milk antioxidative activity (Cohen-Zinder et al., submitted for publication). However, commercial harvests at intervals
of 45 d precludes wilting for a week in the field, and dictates either fast drying of the fresh MO forage outside the field to
avoid its spoilage (a costly process), or direct ensiling with solid feed additives. A preliminary glass-silo study showed that
direct ensiling of mixtures of fresh MO with sugar cane molasses and either chopped wheat hay or soy hulls (at DM ratio
of 370:90:540, respectively) were the best combinations that ensured successful ensiling (Cohen-Zinder et al., submitted
for publication). However, the effect of feeding the ensiled mixture MO + wheat hay + molasses, as a supplement to high
producing lactating cows, on intake, digestibility and efficiency of milk production was never examined.
The objective of the current study was to examine the effects of feeding the new variety of MO ensiled in a mixture
with wheat hay and molasses, at a ratio on DM basis of 370:540:90, respectively, as substitute for wheat silage and hay in
dairy cow ration, on: intake, digestibility, milk yield, milk composition, milk production efficiency, and milk anti-oxidative
activity

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 2:

Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) is reported to have a Nutritional Tropical Tree, therapeutic and prophylactic properties (ReyesSanchez
et al., 2,006th; Moyo et al., in 2010). MO originated from the Indian subcontinent, and later became naturalized in
Tropical and Subtropical areas Around the World. It is Known to Produce High Leaf mass which is a potential High quality
forage Source for Ruminants (Foidl et al., 2,001; Sanchez-Machado et al., two thousand and ten). There are several advantages of using MO
foliage as feed Ruminants: It is drought resistance and has the ability to Grow on poor soils (Foidl et al., 2,001th); It produces
Within a short period High Leaf mass, and being perennial in nature, it Can be harvested several times in the Same Growing
Season (Mendieta et al-Araica., 2011a, B); MO leaves are characterized by High Crude protein content, adequate amino acid
Profile, High level of vitamins A, B, and C (Sanchez-Machado et al., the 2,010th; Mendieta-Araica et al., 2011a; Sultana et al., the 2,015th. ),
and High amounts of polyphenols resulting in Elevated Antioxidative Activity (Verma et al., the 2,009th). Moreover, MO leaves Can
be fed Fresh or Dried, and after Drying Can be stored for long periods Without deterioration in Nutritive Value (Foidl et al.,
2 001).
Several Research Studies examined the effects of using Fresh or Dried Hand-Cut MO foliage. Supplement or as substitute for
local Tropical forage or concentrates in the rations of lactating Ruminants. Studies with low producing cows Showed increase
in yield in response to feeding Milk Fresh or Dried leaves and twigs of Soft MO Supplement (Reyes-Sanchez et al., the 2,006th;
Mendieta-Araica et al., 2011a). Studies with lactating Goats also Showed an increase in Milk yield in response to feeding MO
leaves as a Sesame or Concentrate Replacer (Sultana et al., two thousand and fifteen).
Despite the Great potential of using MO leaves as High quality Animal feed, its Global Commercial use. has been restricted
only to Small Farm Holders Leaning on Hand-Cut and not on Modern Machinery-based forage producers. The reasons for
this are restricted Exploration: MO is a fast Growing Tree producing a Thick Trunk and Branches that create Problems for
Commercial Machinery-based harvesters (eg forage harvester or forage Combine), forage Routinely used in the Production
Industry; MO leaves are characterized by High Moisture content (150-200 G / kg DM) and therefore became Moldy during
Ensiling Direct, and needed a Week of wilting in the field before Ensiling successful (Cohen et al-Zinder., Submitted for
Publication).
to overcome these obstacles, a New Genetic Variety of M. oleifera was developed by Dr. Yiftach Vaknin (ARO, Israel) during
10 years of selective MO Breeding of germplasm acquired from India and Western Africa. This New MO Variety was Grown
for the First time in the Mediterranean Area at a High Sowing density (160,000 Seeds / Ha) under Drip-IRRIGATION, to Produce
forage, which was harvested at intervals of 45 D (Four harvests / year between July to. November) to yield a total forage mass
of 35 T DM per ha. However, the residual Thick Trunk and Branches left in the field after each Harvest (at 20 cm height above
previous Harvest), physically interfered with Fresh Direct-wilting of the forage High Moisture (180-200 G / kg DM) in the field,.
and dictated immediate evacuation of the fresh forage mass. A previous Study that used pre-Wilted (a Week in the field)
as forage Silage MO Source for lactating cows (at a level of 130 G / kg of DM TMR) resulted in an increase in Milk Production
and Milk Antioxidative Activity (Cohen-. Zinder et al., submitted for publication). However, Commercial harvests at intervals
of 45 D precludes wilting for a Week in the field, and dictates either fast Drying of the Fresh forage MO Outside the field to
Avoid its spoilage (a costly Process), or Direct Ensiling with Solid feed additives. A Preliminary Glass-silo Study Showed that
Direct Ensiling of mixtures of Fresh MO with Sugar Cane Molasses and either chopped wheat hay or soy Hulls (at DM ratio
of 370: 90: 540, respectively) were the Best combinations that ensured successful Ensiling (Cohen. -Zinder et al., Submitted
for Publication). However, the Effect of feeding the Ensiled mixture MO + wheat hay + Molasses, as a Supplement to High
producing lactating cows, on intake, digestibility and efficiency of Milk Production was Never examined.
The Objective of the current Study was to examine the effects of. feeding the New Variety of MO Ensiled in a mixture
with wheat hay and Molasses, at a ratio on DM basis of 370: 540: 90, respectively, as substitute for wheat Silage and hay in
Dairy Cow ration, on: intake, digestibility, Milk. yield, composition Milk, Milk Production efficiency, and Milk Anti-oxidative
Activity.