AbstractRoad traffic gives rise to

Abstract
Road traffic gives rise to noise and air pollution exposures, both of which are associated with adverse health effects especially for cardiovascular disease, but mechanisms may differ. Understanding the variability in correlations between these pollutants is essential to understand better their separate and joint effects on human health.

We explored associations between modelled noise and air pollutants using different spatial units and area characteristics in London in 2003–2010.

We modelled annual average exposures to road traffic noise (LAeq,24 h, Lden, LAeq,16 h, Lnight) for ~ 190,000 postcode centroids in London using the UK Calculation of Road Traffic Noise (CRTN) method. We used a dispersion model (KCLurban) to model nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxide, ozone, total and the traffic-only component of particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm and ≤ 10 μm. We analysed noise and air pollution correlations at the postcode level (~ 50 people), postcodes stratified by London Boroughs (~ 240,000 people), neighbourhoods (Lower layer Super Output Areas) (~ 1600 people), 1 km grid squares, air pollution tertiles, 50 m, 100 m and 200 m in distance from major roads and by deprivation tertiles.

Across all London postcodes, we observed overall moderate correlations between modelled noise and air pollution that were stable over time (Spearman's rho range: | 0.34–0.55 |). Correlations, however, varied considerably depending on the spatial unit: largest ranges were seen in neighbourhoods and 1 km grid squares (both Spearman's rho range: | 0.01–0.87 |) and was less for Boroughs (Spearman's rho range: | 0.21–0.78 |). There was little difference in correlations between exposure tertiles, distance from road or deprivation tertiles.

Associations between noise and air pollution at the relevant geographical unit of analysis need to be carefully considered in any epidemiological analysis, in particular in complex urban areas. Low correlations near roads, however, suggest that independent effects of road noise and traffic-related air pollution can be reliably determined within London.

ผลลัพธ์ (แอฟริกา) 1:

Abstract
gee aanleiding tot Padverkeer Geraas en blootstelling lugbesoedeling, wat albei verbonde aan negatiewe gevolge, veral vir kardiovaskulêre siekte Gesondheid, maar verskil meganismes. Variasie in die begrip van die korrelasies tussen hierdie besoedeling is noodsaaklik om 'n beter hul uitwerking op Gesamentlike Afsonderlike en menslike gesondheid te verstaan. Ons verken Verenigings tussen Geraas en lugbesoedeling geskoei met behulp van verskillende ruimtelike kenmerke Eenhede Area en in Londen in 2003-2010. Ons geskoei Jaarlikse gemiddelde blootstelling. om padverkeer geraas (LAeq, 24 h, Lden, LAeq, 16 h, Lnight) vir ~ 190,000 poskode sentroïedes in Londen met behulp van die Verenigde Koninkryk Berekening van Padverkeersmisdrywe geraas (CRTN) metode. Ons het 'n verspreiding model (KCLurban) om stikstofdioksied, stikstofoksied, osoon, totale en die verkeer-enigste komponent van deeltjies ≤ 2,5 μm en ≤ 10 μm model. Ons ontleed geraas en lugbesoedeling korrelasies by die poskode vlak (~ 50 mense), post-gestratifiseerde deur Londen gemeenten (~ 240,000 mense), woonbuurte (onderste laag Super Uitgawe Areas) (~ 1600 mense), 1 km hokken, tertiles lugbesoedeling. ., 50 m, 100 m en 200 m in Afstand vanaf hoofroetes en ontneming deur Tertiles oor al London post, waargeneem ons algehele matige korrelasies tussen geskoei geraas en lugbesoedeling wat met verloop van tyd (Spearman se Rho Range Stabiel was: | 0,34-0,55 |. ). Korrelasies egter gewissel aansienlik, afhangende van die ruimtelike eenheid: grootste reekse gesien kon word woonbuurte en 1 km hokken (beide Spearman se rho reeks: | 0,01-0,87 |) en was minder vir gemeenten (Spearman se rho reeks: | 0,21-0,78 |. ). Min verskil was daar in korrelasies tussen blootstelling Tertiles, Afstand vanaf Road Tertiles of ontneming. Verenigings tussen Lugbesoedeling en Geraas op die betrokke geografiese eenheid Ontleding van Need noukeurig in ag geneem word in enige epidemiologiese analise, veral in gebiede stedelike kompleks. Lae korrelasies naby paaie, maar dui daarop dat onafhanklike gevolge van padgeraas en die verkeer lugbesoedeling betroubaar bepaal kan word binne Londen.