Inhibited or lengthened abdominal muscles and their relationship to the rest of the LCS characteristics have been under contention by several studies such as Youdas et al, Walker, and Levine et al, suggesting that there was no association between abdominal muscle strength, pelvic tilt, and lumbar lordosis. Toppenberg and Bullock and Youdas et al suggested that there was no significant relationship between lumbar lordosis and abdominal muscle length. There are several studies, however, suggesting that abdominal muscle weakness is related to lower back pain. Nonetheless, considering the varied and convoluted debate on abdominal or core strength and the testing methods to obtain these results, many of these studies will need to be read in detail for individual opinion.
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