Table 2 lists density and porosity of the nickel–graphite composite before and after oxidation. Porosity was calcu- lated from the ratio between the theoretical and measured densities. Here, the theoretical density is 5.22 g/cm3 accord- ing to the rule of mixtures. Owing to the advantages of SPS, the composite exhibits a low porosity of 1.3%. However, high temperature oxidation induces decarbonization and enhances porosity of the composites. After oxidation at 400 °C for 300 h, porosity of the composite changes just a little, indicating that graphite can exist stably at 400 °C for a long time. When oxidation temperature rises to ≥ 500 °C, the porosity of the oxidized composite increases significantly to as high as 14.9%.
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