Materials and methodsMajor produce

Materials and methods
Major produce areas including East of Guilan and West of Mazandaran were selected for the sample of the study in 2008 and 2009. The regions selected in East of Guilan were Chaboksar, Rudsar, Langerud and in west of Mazandaran were Ramsar, Tonekabon, Chalus, Noshahr. The number of samples which were selected in each location depended on the hectarage of orchard. Each sample consisting of five to ten sub-samples, were collected at a depth of 10-40 cm around the citrus trees canopy. The samples were maintained in refrigerator at 4˚C until processing by centrifugal flotation technique. A total of 110 soil and root samples were taken. The 150 g soil samples were washed and the nematodes extracted by centrifugal flotation technique. Then they were fixed and transferred to glycerin according to the De Grisse method (1969).
Nematodes were extracted from roots by Terry method (Whitehead and Hemming, 1965). First the soil was washed from roots and the roots were chopped into 1 cm lengths and were placed on the terry. Terry tray full of water, So that, pieces root are in water flooding. 10 consecutive days of water in the trays passed through the sieve 400 Mesh. Nematodes collected and all of them were counted. In order to view and taking pictures of root lesion nematodes, attempting to stained root tissues. For staining nematodes in root was used of Southey (1970) method. First, the root pieces with a hypochlorite sodium solution made colorless. Then placed in acid fuchsin solution and it has been boiled for 30 seconds. Finally, roots were transferred to acidic glycerol, root Clear and nematode was observed red. A stereo microscope was used for counting number of Pratylenchus. Permanent slides were prepared from the extracted nematodes. After microscopic consideration, the useful measurements and drawings (morphological and morphometrical characters) were attained by using a drawing tube attached to the microscope and their identities confirmed with recent taxonomic keys. Major Characters used to identify the different species included: tail shape, whether the tail was smooth or crenate/ annulated, the number of head annules and type and number of lateral lines. (Handoo and Golden, 1989; Castillo and Vovlas, 2007).
The occurrence of a nematode species in samples is expressed as frequency. Absolute frequency is the percentage of times a nematode species occurs in a known number of samples, whereas relative frequency, also expressed as a percentage, is the relation between absolute frequency of a species and absolute frequency of all pratylenchus species. The mean population for each species in 150 g soil and 1 g root are stated.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 2:

Materials and methods
Produce Major areas of Guilan including East and West of Mazandaran were selected for the sample of the Study in 2008 and in 2009. The Regions selected in East of Guilan were Chaboksar, Rudsar, Langerud and West of Mazandaran were in Ramsar, Tonekabon,. Chalus, Noshahr. The number of samples which were selected in each location depended on the hectarage of orchard. Each sample consisting of five to ten sub-samples, were collected at a depth of 10-40 cm around the citrus trees canopy. The samples were maintained in refrigerator at 4˚C until processing by centrifugal flotation technique. A total of 110 soil and root samples were taken. The 150 g soil samples were washed and the nematodes extracted by centrifugal flotation technique. Then they were transferred to fixed and glycerin according to the De Grisse method (one thousand nine hundred and sixty-nine).
Nematodes were extracted from Roots by Terry method (Whitehead and Hemming, 1965). First the soil was washed from roots and the roots were chopped into 1 cm lengths and were placed on the terry. Terry tray full of water, So that, pieces root are in water flooding. 10 consecutive days of water in the trays passed through the sieve 400 Mesh. Nematodes collected and all of them were counted. In order to view and taking pictures of root lesion nematodes, attempting to stained root tissues. For staining nematodes in root was used of Southey (1970) method. First, the root pieces with a hypochlorite sodium solution made ​​colorless. Then placed in acid fuchsin solution and it has been boiled for 30 seconds. Finally, roots were transferred to acidic glycerol, root Clear and nematode was observed red. A stereo microscope was used for counting number of Pratylenchus. Permanent slides were prepared from the extracted nematodes. After microscopic consideration, the useful measurements and drawings (morphological and morphometrical characters) were attained by using a drawing tube attached to the microscope and their identities confirmed with recent taxonomic keys. Major Characters used to identify the different species included: tail shape, whether the tail was smooth or crenate / annulated, the number of head annules and type and number of lateral lines. (Handoo and Golden, one thousand nine hundred eighty-nine; Castillo and Vovlas, 2007th).
The occurrence of a nematode species in samples is expressed as frequency. Absolute frequency is the percentage of times a nematode species occurs in a known number of samples, whereas relative frequency, also expressed as a percentage, is the relation between absolute frequency of a species and absolute frequency of all pratylenchus species. The mean population for each species in 150 g soil and 1 g root are stated.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 3:

Materials and methods.Major produce areas including East of Guilan and West of Mazandaran were selected for the sample of the study in 2008 and 2009. The. Regions selected in East of Guilan, were Chaboksar Rudsar Langerud and, in west of Mazandaran were Ramsar Tonekabon Chalus,,,, Noshahr. The number of samples which were selected in each location depended on the hectarage of orchard. Each sample consisting. Of five to ten sub-samples were collected, at a depth of 10-40 cm around the citrus trees canopy. The samples were maintained. In refrigerator at 4 ˚ C until processing by centrifugal flotation technique. A total of 110 soil and root samples were, taken. The 150 g soil samples were washed and the nematodes extracted by centrifugal flotation technique. Then they were fixed. And transferred to glycerin according to the De Grisse method (1969).Nematodes were extracted from roots by Terry method (Whitehead, and Hemming 1965). First the soil was washed from roots. And the roots were chopped into 1 cm lengths and were placed on the Terry. Terry tray full of water So that pieces root,,, Are in water flooding. 10 consecutive days of water in the trays passed through the sieve 400 Mesh. Nematodes collected. And all of them were counted. In order to view and taking pictures of root lesion nematodes attempting to, stained root. Tissues. For staining nematodes in root was used of Southey (1970), method. First the root pieces with a hypochlorite sodium. Solution made colorless. Then placed in acid fuchsin solution and it has been boiled for 30 seconds. Finally roots were,, Transferred to acidic glycerol root Clear, and nematode was observed red. A stereo microscope was used for counting number. Of Pratylenchus. Permanent slides were prepared from the extracted nematodes. After microscopic consideration the useful,, Measurements and drawings (morphological and morphometrical characters) were attained by using a drawing tube attached to. The microscope and their identities confirmed with recent taxonomic keys. Major Characters used to identify the different. Species included: tail shape whether the, tail was smooth or crenate / annulated the number, of head annules and type and. Number of lateral lines. (Handoo, and Golden 1989; Castillo, and Vovlas 2007).The occurrence of a nematode species in samples is expressed as frequency. Absolute frequency is the percentage of times. A nematode species occurs in a known number of samples whereas frequency, relative, expressed also as a percentage is the,, Relation between absolute frequency of a species and absolute frequency of all Pratylenchus species. The mean population. For each species in 150 g soil and 1 g root are stated.