Inbreeding is defined as the probab

Inbreeding is defined as the probability that 2 alleles at any locus are identical by descent and occurs when related individuals are mated to each other (Falconer and Mackay,1996). The reduction in mean phenotypic performance associated
with inbred animals is referred to as inbreeding
depression (Falconer and Mackay, 1996) and can be of considerable
economic loss to animal and poultry producers
(Smith et al. 1998; Croquet et al. 2007). Inbreeding depression
is usually expressed as the change of mean phenotype
per one percent of inbreeding (Thompson and Freeman,
1967; Smith et al. 1998; Croquet et al. 2007). The average
inbreeding in Holstein dairy cows seems to be increased and
growing rates of inbreeding is of serious concern to
dairy breeders and the industry (Short and Lawlor, 1992).
Intensive selection and widespread use of artificial insemination
were identified as major contributors to rising genetic
likeness in the dairy population (Weigel, 2001). Dairy
producers have an interest in the effect of inbreeding on
phenotypic performance. Estimates of the inbreeding depression
on production ranged from approximately 9 to 26
kg for milk, 0.55 to 1.09 kg for fat, and 0.69 to 0.97 kg for
protein per lactation for each 1% inbreeding (Casanova et
al. 1992; Miglior et al. 1995; Wiggans et al. 1995; Smith et
al. 1998; Thompson et al. 2000a,b; Tohidi et al. 2000;
Croquet et al. 2007). The objectives of this study were to
investigate the trend of average inbreeding and to quantify

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 2:

Inbreeding is defined as the probability that 2 alleles at any locus are identical by descent and occurs when related individuals are mated to each other (Falconer and Mackay, 1996). The Reduction in mean phenotypic Performance Associated
with Animals is referred to As inbred inbreeding
depression (Falconer and Mackay, in 1996) and Can be of considerable
Economic Loss to Animal and Poultry producers
(Smith et AL. 1998; Croquet et AL. 2007). Inbreeding depression
is usually expressed As The Change of mean phenotype
Per One Percent of inbreeding (Thompson and Freeman,
1967th; Smith et AL. the 1,998th; Croquet et AL. two thousand and seven). The Average
inbreeding in Holstein Dairy Cows seems to be increased and
Growing Rates of inbreeding is of Serious Concern to
Dairy Breeders and The Industry (Short and Lawlor, 1992).
Intensive Selection and widespread Use of artificial insemination
were identified As Major contributors to Rising Genetic.
likeness in the dairy population (Weigel, 2001). Dairy
producers Have an interest in The Effect of inbreeding on
phenotypic Performance. Estimates of The inbreeding depression
on production ranged from approximately 9 to 26
kg for Milk, 12:55 to one nine kg for fat, and 0.69 to 0.97 kg for
protein Per Lactation for each 1% inbreeding (Casanova et
AL. 1992; Miglior et AL. 1995. ; Wiggans et AL. 1,995th; Smith et
AL. in 1998; Thompson et AL. 2000A, B; Tohidi et AL. the 2,000th;
Croquet et AL. 2007). The objectives of this Study were to
investigate The Trend of Average inbreeding and to quantify.