It is known that females, during th

It is known that females, during their preovulatory phases, are under the influence of high oestrogen levels and that males are under the influence of high testosterone levels. In our study, despite males and females having different hormone profiles, [male (testosterone) and female (preovulatory-oestrogen)], the cognitive profiles of females, which were tested during their preovulatory phases, were comparable to the male cognitive profiles. This might have occurred due to the analogous actions of these hormones in the brain. Studies have shown that oestrogen and testosterone accentuate cognitive functions in a similar fashion [6]. For the reason that testosterone is converted to oestrogen in many tissues, including the central nervous system, it could exert its influence directly or indirectly through its conversion to oestrogen via the aromatase enzyme [7,8]. However, there are different reports on the effects of testosterone and oestrogen on the cognitive profiles of males and females. In a study, it was reported that men with higher levels of total and bio available oestradiol showed poorer scores in the Blessed Information-Memory-Concentration (BIMC) Test and in the Mini-Mental State Examination. Whereas in another study, men with higher levels of bioavailable testosterone showed better scores in the BIMC Test and in the Selective Reminding Test [13]. These contradictions to our results which were seen, may have occurred due to the different cognitive function assessing tools that had been used in those studies. Moreover, there are reports that older men who possess higher levels of bioavailable testosterone, but no bio-available oestradiol, are associated with better cognitive functions [14]. In addition, a report has shown that in eugonadal men, increase in testosterone has a differential effect on cognitive function, which inhibits spatial abilities and improves verbal fluency [15]. It has been reported that testosterone supplementation improves working memory in older men, but a similar enhancement of working memory was not found in older women who were supplemented with oestrogen [16]. But contrary to this, we did not find any difference in female oestrogenic phase (preovulatory) working memory and male (testosterone) working memory. This contrast may have been caused by the differences in methodologies which were used to assess cognitive functions. They assessed cognitive functions in older men and women after supplementation of hormones, whereas we assessed cognitive functions in young adults who were not given any supplementation of hormones.

ผลลัพธ์ (แอฟริกา) 1:

Dit is bekend dat vroue tydens hul preovulatory fases, is onder die invloed van 'n hoë estrogeenvlakke en dat mans onder die invloed van 'n hoë testosteroon vlakke. In ons studie, ten spyte van mans en vroue met 'n verskillende hormoon profiele, [manlike (testosteroon) en vroulike (preovulatory-estrogeen)], die kognitiewe profiele van vroue, wat tydens hul preovulatory fases getoets is, was vergelykbaar met die manlike kognitiewe profiele. Dit kon plaasgevind het as gevolg van die analoog optrede van hierdie hormone in die brein. Studies het getoon dat estrogeen en testosteroon beklemtoon kognitiewe funksies in 'n soortgelyke wyse [6]. Vir die rede dat testosteroon omgeskakel word na estrogeen in baie weefsel, insluitend die sentrale senuweestelsel, kan dit sy invloed direk of indirek oefen deur middel van sy bekering tot estrogeen via die aroma ensiem [7,8]. Daar is egter verskillende verslae oor die effekte van testosteroon en estrogeen op die kognitiewe profiele van mans en vroue. In 'n studie, was dit gerapporteer dat mans met hoër vlakke van totale en bio beskikbaar oestradiol het armer tellings in die Geseënde Inligting-Memory-Konsentrasie (BIMC) Toets en in die Mini-Mental State eksamen. Terwyl dit in 'n ander studie, mans met hoër vlakke van natuurlike testosteroon getoon beter tellings in die BIMC Toets en in die selektiewe herinner Toets [13]. Hierdie teenstrydighede aan ons resultate wat te sien was, plaasgevind het as gevolg van die verskillende kognitiewe funksie beoordeling gereedskap wat gebruik is in die studie. Verder, daar is berigte dat die ouer mans wat hoër vlakke van natuurlike testosteroon, maar geen bio-beskikbaar oestradiol besit word geassosieer met 'n beter kognitiewe funksies [14]. Daarbenewens het 'n verslag getoon dat in eugonadal mans, toename in testosteroon het 'n differensiële uitwerking op kognitiewe funksie, wat inhibeer ruimtelike vermoëns en verbeter verbale vlotheid [15]. Dit is berig dat testosteroon-aanvullings verbeter werkende geheue in ouer mense nie, maar 'n soortgelyke verbetering van werkende geheue is nie gevind nie in die ouer vroue wat aangevul is met estrogeen [16]. Maar in teenstelling met hierdie, het ons nie vind 'n verskil in die vroulike estrogeniese fase (preovulatory) werkende geheue en manlike (testosteroon) werkende geheue. Hierdie kontras kan veroorsaak is deur die verskille in metodes wat gebruik is om kognitiewe funksies te bepaal. Hulle beoordeel kognitiewe funksies in ouer mans en vroue na die aanvulling van hormone, terwyl ons kognitiewe funksies in jong volwassenes wat nie enige aanvulling van hormone gegee beoordeel.