MGEs (plasmids, transposons, or integrons) also act as vectorsfor the dissemination of ARGs [47,48]. HGT occurs chiefly by threemechanisms: conjugation, transformation, and transduction [48].In conjugation, DNA molecules move by cell contact betweendonor and recipient cells. During transformation, short fragmentsof naked DNA are readily taken up by naturally competent bacteria.In transduction transfer of DNA is mediated via bacteriophages[49]. It occurs most likely between phylogenetically diversebacteria sharing the same ecological niche (e.g., human gut flora)[50–52]
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