An electronic nose (e-nose) system

An electronic nose (e-nose) system mimics the sense of smell and by using advanced chemometric data analysis, the e-nose can perform diagnostics and predictions that are superior to what can be accomplished by the sense of smell. Imagine a single e-nose unit that is capable of both classifying the state of a process (e.g. a beer brewing process – or more generally speaking a fermentation process) and from the same odour signature can deduce a prediction of the alcohol and sugar concentrations in the broth. The diagnostic analysis can furthermore tell, if the process is running out of statistical control and the beer is in risk of getting bad, unsuitable for human consumption.
By providing such an alert, or early warning, the e-nose and the associated automated data analysis thereby enables you to apply appropriate countermeasures and hopefully save the batch in due time. A lot of money is at stake in industrial scale fermentations and early warning systems are therefore in high demand.
From a process monitoring point of view the interesting aspects reveal themselves, when lots and lots of data have been acquired and analysed properly. Chemometric models then allow the process to be characterised without the need for chemical reference samples – hence you can completely eliminate the risk of accidentially contaminating your process with wild yeast or other microbes when drawing reference samples.
In my past professional career I have been working extensively with chemical and chemometric analysis of both liquid and solid and matter; I have never looked into gas phase analysis before. Hence my dedication to and interest in this project. My ambition is to develop a series of e-noses suitable for various purposes ranging from teaching basic electronics, sensor technology, and chemometrics to complete systems intended for industrial applications. I am still in the prototyping stage and expect to have a set of working products with amble documentation ready in the summer 2016 – the first prototype (the 8 ch version) is expected to be documented by the end of 2015.
My e-nose system designs range from simple 1 channel devices for investigation of sensor response, transfer functions, and kinetic behaviour to sophisticated 32 channel modular e-noses with the possibility of performing auto-configuration, auto-calibration, auto-diagnostics, and real-time update of the chemometric models, whenever a new (unknown) odour signature is encountered. All hardware is open-source.
E-noses are based on arrays of gas sensors. I have chosen the classical Taguchi gas sensor (TGS), which has been around for decades. The principles behind the Taguchi gas sensor are well-known and heavily documented. The innovation lies in the way the sensors are excitated (specifically, how the heater elements are energised) and how the acquired data from the sensor elements is treated mathematically. E-noses have many interesting potential applications, if you consider, how much information is present in gases and air at the ppm level, which is the lower practical measurement range that can be achieved.

For hints to some scientific background literature, please have a look at my Mendeley group about e-noses.

If you wonder just how to put sensor technology, multivariate data analysis, and representative sampling into a process monitoring and control context, please have a look at my short introduction to Process Analytical Technology.

This first e-nose prototype, which is described in the following, is based on an Arduino Nano and some simple printied circuit boards (PCBs) that I have developed. Data (sensor responses, voltages) is acquired with the analogue-to-digital converter integrated in the ATmega328 and streamed to a computer that takes care of the data analysis.
The sensor module itself consists of eight Taguchi gas sensors that are fitted in sockets soldered onto a printed circuit board (design 0x00 – Eight channel Taguchi gas sensor array). The PCB is mounted to a rugged Sarel instrumentation case with four M3 screws as shown in the picture below. Note that a flow cell is not included yet.

ผลลัพธ์ (แอฟริกา) 1:

'N elektroniese neus (e-neus) stelsel boots die sin van die reuk en deur die gebruik van gevorderde chemometric data-analise, kan die e-neus diagnose en voorspellings dat beter wat bereik kan word deur die sin van die reuk is te voer. Stel jou voor 'n enkele e-neus-eenheid wat in staat is om beide die klassifikasie van die toestand van 'n proses (bv 'n bier brou proses - of meer algemeen 'n fermentasieproses) en van dieselfde reuk handtekening kan 'n voorspelling van die alkohol en suiker konsentrasies in aflei. die sous. Die diagnostiese ontleding Kan Verder vertel, indien die proses is besig om van statistiese beheer en die Beer is in risiko om Bad, ongeskik vir menslike gebruik.
Deur middel van so 'n Alert, of Vroeë waarskuwing, die E-Neus en die gepaardgaande outomatiese data. ontleding sodoende in staat stel om toepaslike beheermaatreëls toe te pas en hopelik red die joernaal op die regte tyd. 'N klomp geld op die spel is in industriële skaal fermentasie en dus vroeë waarskuwingstelsels hoog in aanvraag.
Van 'n standpunt proses bewaking die openbaar interessante aspekte hulself wanneer baie, baie van data verkry is en behoorlik ontleed. Chemometric modelle Laat dan die proses word gekenmerk sonder die noodsaaklikheid vir Chemiese verwysing monsters - vandaar kan jy heeltemal van die risiko van accidentially besoedel jou proses met Wild gis of ander mikrobes wanneer Drawing verwysing monsters uit te skakel.
In my verlede Professionele loopbaan het ek op groot skaal werk. met chemiese en chemometric ontleding van beide vloeibare en vaste en saak nie; Ek het nog nooit gekyk na gasfase ontleding voor. Vandaar my toewyding aan en belangstelling in hierdie projek. My strewe is om 'n reeks van e-neuse wat geskik is vir verskeie doeleindes wissel van onderrig basiese elektronika, sensor tegnologie, en chemometriese stelsels bestem vir industriële toepassings voltooi ontwikkel. Ek is nog steeds in die Prototyping Stage en verwag om 'n stel van die werk met Amble Dokumentasie produkte in die somer Gereed 2 016 het - die eerste prototipe (die weergawe 8 CH) sal na verwagting gedokumenteer teen die einde van 2015.
My E-Neus System. ontwerpe wissel van eenvoudige 1-kanaal toestelle vir ondersoek van sensor reaksie, oordrag funksies, en kinetiese gedrag gesofistikeerde 32-kanaal modulêre e-neuse met die moontlikheid van die verrigting van die motor-opset, motor-kalibrasie, motor-diagnose, en real-time update van. die chemometric modelle, wanneer 'n nuwe (onbekende) reuk handtekening teëgekom. Hardeware is al open-source.
E-neuse is gebaseer op skikkings van gas sensors. Ek het die klassieke Taguchi gas sensor (TGS), wat reeds vir dekades gekies. Die beginsels agter die Taguchi gas sensor is bekende en swaar gedokumenteer. Die innovasie lê in die manier waarop die sensors is excitated (spesifiek, hoe die verwarmer elemente energie) en hoe die data verkry uit die sensor elemente is wiskundig behandel. E-neuse het baie interessante potensiaal aansoeke, as jy kyk na, hoeveel inligting teenwoordig is in Gasse en Air by die PPM vlak, wat die Laer praktiese meting Range wat bereik kan word is. Vir wenke om 'n wetenskaplike agtergrond literatuur, asseblief 'n. Kyk na My Mendeley Group Oor E-neuse. As jy wonder net hoe om Sit sensor tegnologie, meerveranderlike data-analise, en verteenwoordigende monsterneming in 'n proses toesig en beheer konteks, kan jy 'n blik op my kort inleiding tot Proses Analitiese Tegnologie. Dit Eerste. e-neus prototipe, wat beskryf word in die volgende, is gebaseer op 'n Arduino Nano en 'n paar eenvoudige printied circuit boards (PCB's) wat ek ontwikkel het. Data (sensor Responses, spannings) verkry word met die analoog-na-digitale omsetter Geïntegreerde in die ATmega328 en gestroom om 'n Rekenaar wat sorg vir die data-analise. Die sensor self bestaan ​​uit agt Taguchi gas sensors wat toegerus in Sockets gesoldeer. op 'n gedrukte stroombaan (ontwerp 0x00 - Agt kanaal Taguchi gas sensor array). Die PCB gemonteer om 'n ruwe Sarel instrumentasie geval met vier M3 skroewe soos getoon in die foto hieronder. Let daarop dat 'n vloei sel nog nie is ingesluit.