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ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 1:

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ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 2:

5.1.1. Mucus production. An incoming virus first must find epithelial cells to invade the host.
Mucus layers can effectively trap the virus before it can enter the host cells (Figure 4). Mucus
secreted from the submucosal glands within the lamina propria serves as a mechanical barrier and
as a chemical barrier by its antimicrobial properties (74, 75). Components of the mucus are 93–
97% w/w water, 3–7% w/w solids, 1–3% w/w glycoproteins, 1% w/w proteins, 0.5–1% w/w
lipids, and 0.70–1.4% w/w minerals (76). The major glycoproteins in the airway mucus are
secretory mucin proteins MUC5AC and MUC5B (77). Cold environments have been linked to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which manifests in chronic
airflow obstruction, inflammation, and hypersecretion of respiratory mucus (78, 79). In the
normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells isolated from COPD patients, the expression
level of the transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8), which is the cold receptor
activated by temperature under 27°C or cooling agents including menthol (80, 81), is upregulated
(82). Furthermore, cold (18°C) exposure or menthol treatment of cultured NHBE cells increases
MUC5AC secretion in a TRPM8-dependent manner (82, 83). Another study examined the effect
of temperature, humidity, and airflow mimicking respiration on mucin secretion from human
nasal epithelial cells using a climate chamber for cell culture (84). Mucin production increased
under 25°C, 40% RH compared to 37°C, 80% RH. Airflow increased mucin production under
25°C, 40% RH, but not at 37°C, 80% RH. These results suggest that impairment of MCC under
low temperature and low humidity includes hypersecretion of mucin.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 3:

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