Samarium-neodymium dating is useful

Samarium-neodymium dating is useful for determining the age relationships of rocks and meteorites, based on radioactive decay of a long-lived samarium (Sm) isotope to a radiogenic neodymium (Nd) isotope. Nd isotope ratios are used to provide information on the source of igneous melts as well as to provide age data. The various reservoirs within the solid earth will have different values of initial 143Nd/144Nd ratios, especially with reference to the mantle.

The usefulness of Sm-Nd dating is the fact that these two elements are rare earths. They are thus, theoretically, not particularly susceptible to partitioning during melting of silicate rocks. The fractionation effects of crystallisation of felsic minerals (see above) changes the Sm/Nd ratio of the resultant materials. This, in turn, influences the 143Nd/144Nd ratios with ingrowth of radiogenic 143Nd.

The mantle is assumed to have undergone chondritic evolution, and thus deviations in initial 143Nd/144Nd ratios can provide information as to when a particular rock or reservoir was separated from the mantle within the Earth's past.

In many cases, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotope data are used together.

Contents [hide]
1 Sm-Nd radiometric dating
2 Sm and Nd geochemistry
3 The CHUR model
3.1 Epsilon notation
3.2 Nd Model Ages
4 The Depleted Mantle model
5 References
Sm-Nd radiometric dating[edit]
Samarium has five naturally occurring isotopes and neodymium has seven. The two elements are joined in a parent-daughter relationship by the alpha-decay of 147Sm to 143Nd with a half life of 1.06×1011 years. 146Sm is an almost-extinct nuclide which decays via alpha emission to produce 142Nd, with a half-life of 1.08×108 years. 146Sm is itself produced by the decay of 150Gd via alpha-decay with a half-life of 1.79×106 years.

An isochron is calculated normally. As with Rb-Sr and Pb-Pb isotope geochemistry, the initial 143Nd/144Nd ratio of the isotope system provides important information on crustal formation and the isotopic evolution of the solar system.

Sm and Nd geochemistry[edit]
The concentration of Sm and Nd in silicate minerals increase with the order in which they crystallise from a magma according to Bowen's reaction series. Samarium is accommodated more easily into mafic minerals, so a mafic rock which crystallises mafic minerals will concentrate neodymium in the melt phase faster relative to samarium. Thus, as a melt undergoes fractional crystallization from a mafic to a more felsic composition, the abundance of Sm and Nd changes, as does the ratio between Sm and Nd.

Thus, ultramafic rocks have high Sm and low Nd and therefore high Sm/Nd ratios. Felsic rocks have low concentrations of Sm and high Nd and therefore low Sm/Nd ratios (komatiite has 1.14 parts per million (ppm) Sm and 3.59 ppm Nd versus 4.65 ppm Sm and 21.6 ppm Nd in rhyolite).

The importance of this process is apparent in modeling the age of continental crust formation.

The CHUR model[edit]
Through the analysis of isotopic compositions of neodymium, DePaolo and Wasserburg [1] discovered that terrestrial igneous rocks closely followed the Chondritic Uniform Reservoir (CHUR) line. Chondritic meteorites are thought to represent the earliest (unsorted) material that formed in the solar system before planets formed. They have relatively homogeneous trace element signatures and therefore their isotopic evolution can model the evolution of the whole solar system and of the ‘Bulk Earth’. After plotting the ages and initial 143Nd/144Nd ratios of terrestrial igneous rocks on a Nd evolution vs. time diagram, DePaolo and Wasserburg determined that Archean rocks had initial Nd isotope ratios very similar to that defined by the CHUR evolution line.

Epsilon notation[edit]
Since 143Nd/144Nd departures from the CHUR evolution line are very small, DePaolo and Wasserburg argued that it would be useful to create a form of notation that described 143Nd/144Nd in terms of their deviations from the CHUR evolution line. This is called the epsilon notation whereby one epsilon unit represents a one part per 10,000 deviation from the CHUR composition.[2] Algebraically, epsilon units can be defined by the equation:

varepsilon_{Nd(t)} = left[frac{left(frac{^{143}Nd}{^{144}Nd}
ight)_{sample(t)}}{left(frac{^{143}Nd}{^{144}Nd}
ight)_{CHUR(t)}}-1
ight]* 10000
Since epsilon units are larger and therefore a more tangible representation of the initial Nd isotope ratio, by using these instead of the initial isotopic ratios, it is easier to comprehend and therefore compare initial ratios of crust with different ages. In addition, epsilon units will normalize the initial ratios to CHUR, thus eliminating any effects caused by various analytical mass fractionation correction methods applied.[2]

Nd Model Ages[edit]
Since CHUR defines initial ratios of continental rocks through time, it was deduced that measurements of 143Nd/144Nd and 147Sm/144Nd, with the use of CHUR, could produce model ages for the segregation from the mantle of the melt which formed any crustal rock. This has been termed ‘t-CHUR’.[3] In order for a TCHUR age to be calculated, fractionation between Nd/Sm would have to have occurred during magma extraction from the mantle to produce a continental rock. This fractionation would then cause a deviation between the crustal and mantle isotopic evolution lines. The intersection between these two evolution lines then indicates the crustal formation age. The TCHUR age is defined by the following equation:

T_{CHUR}=(frac{1}{lambda})ln left[1+ frac{left(frac{^{143}Nd}{^{144}Nd}
ight)_{sample}-left(frac{^{143}Nd}{^{144}Nd}
ight)_{CHUR}}{left(frac{^{147}Sm}{^{144}Nd}
ight)_{sample}-left(frac{^{147}Sm}{^{144}Nd}
ight)_{CHUR}}
ight]

The TCHUR age of a rock, can yield a formation age for the crust as a whole if the sample has not suffered disturbance after its formation. Since Sm/Nd are rare-earth elements (REE), their characteristic immobility enables their ratios to resist partitioning during metamorphism and melting of silicate rocks. This therefore allows for crustal formation ages to be calculated, despite any metamorphism the sample has undergone.

The Depleted Mantle model[edit]

Graph to show the depleted mantle model of DePaolo (1981)
Despite the good fit of Archean plutons to the CHUR Nd isotope evolution line, DePaolo & Wasserburg (1976) observed that the majority of young oceanic volcanics (Mid Ocean Ridge basalts and Island Arc basalts) lay +7 to +12 ɛ units above the CHUR line (see figure). This led to the realization that Archaen continental igneous rocks that plotted within the error of the CHUR line could instead lie on a depleted mantle evolution line characterized by increasing Sm/Nd and 143Nd/144Nd ratios over time. To further analyze this gap between the Archean CHUR data and the young volcanic samples, a study was conducted on the Proterozoic metamorphic basement of the Colorado Front Ranges (the Idaho Springs Formation). [4] The initial 143Nd/144Nd ratios of the samples analyzed are plotted on a ɛNd versus time diagram shown in the figure. DePaolo (1981) fitted a quadratic curve to the Idaho Springs and average ɛNd for the modern oceanic island arc data, thus representing the neodymium isotope evolution of a depleted reservoir. The composition of the depleted reservoir relative to the CHUR evolution line, at time t, is given by the equation:

ɛNd(T) = 0.25T2 – 3T + 8.5

Sm-Nd model ages calculated using this curve are denoted as TDM ages. DePaolo (1981) argued that these TDM model ages would yield a more accurate age for crustal formation ages than TCHUR model ages – for example an anomalously low TCHUR model age of 0.8 byr from McCulloch and Wasserburg’s Grenville composite was revised to a TDM age of 1.3Byr, typical for juvenile crust formation during the Grenville orogeny.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 2:

Samarium-neodymium dating is useful for determining the age relationships of rocks and meteorites, based on radioactive decay of a long-lived samarium (Sm) isotope to a radiogenic neodymium (Nd) isotope. Nd isotope ratios are used to provide information on the source of igneous melts as well as to provide age data. Various Within the reservoirs have different values ​​of the Solid Earth Will Initial 143Nd / 144Nd ratios, especially with reference to the Mantle. The usefulness of Sm-Nd dating is the Fact that these are Rare earths Two Elements. They are thus, theoretically, not particularly susceptible to partitioning during melting of silicate rocks. The fractionation effects of crystallisation of felsic minerals (see above) changes the Sm / Nd ratio of the resultant materials. This, in turn, influences the 143Nd / 144Nd ratios with ingrowth of radiogenic 143Nd. The Mantle is assumed to have undergone Chondritic Evolution, and thus deviations in Initial 143Nd / 144Nd ratios Can provide information as to when a particular Rock or Reservoir was Separated from. the Mantle Within the Earth's Past. In many Cases, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr Isotope Data are used Together. Contents [hide] 1 Sm-Nd radiometric dating 2 Sm and Nd Geochemistry 3 The CHUR Model 3.1 Epsilon notation 3.2 Nd Model Ages. 4 The Depleted Mantle Model 5 References Sm-Nd radiometric dating [Edit] Samarium naturally occurring isotopes has Five and Seven has neodymium. The two elements are joined in a parent-daughter relationship by the alpha-decay of 147Sm to 143Nd with a half life of 1.06 × 1011 years. 146Sm is an almost-extinct nuclide which decays via alpha emission to produce 142Nd, with a half-life of 1.08 × 108 years. 146Sm Itself is produced by the Decay of 150Gd via a Half-Life with Alpha-Decay of 1.79 × 106 years. An Isochron is normally calculated. As with Rb-Sr and Pb-Pb Isotope Geochemistry, the Initial 143Nd / 144Nd ratio of the Isotope System provides important information on crustal Formation and the isotopic Evolution of the Solar System. Sm and Nd Geochemistry [Edit] The concentration of Sm and Nd. in silicate minerals increase with the order in which they crystallise from a magma according to Bowen's reaction series. Samarium is accommodated more easily into mafic minerals, so a mafic rock which crystallises mafic minerals will concentrate neodymium in the melt phase faster relative to samarium. Thus, as a melt undergoes fractional Crystallization from a Mafic to a more felsic composition, the Abundance of Sm and Nd changes, as does the ratio between Sm and Nd. Thus, ultramafic Rocks have High Sm and low Nd and therefore High Sm / Nd. ratios. Felsic Rocks have low concentrations of Sm and High Nd and therefore low Sm / Nd ratios (Komatiite has 14.01 Parts per million (PPM) Sm and three fifty-nine PPM Nd Versus 4.65 PPM Sm and 21.6 PPM Nd in rhyolite). The importance of this Process is. Modeling apparent in the Age of Continental Crust Formation. The CHUR Model [Edit] Through the isotopic compositions of neodymium Analysis of, DePaolo and Wasserburg [1] discovered that terrestrial Igneous Rocks closely followed the Chondritic Uniform Reservoir (CHUR) line. Chondritic meteorites are thought to represent the earliest (unsorted) material that formed in the solar system before planets formed. They have relatively homogeneous trace element signatures and therefore their isotopic evolution can model the evolution of the whole solar system and of the 'Bulk Earth'. Plotting ages and after the Initial 143Nd / 144Nd Igneous Rocks on a Nd ratios of terrestrial Evolution vs. time diagram, DePaolo and Wasserburg had determined that Archean Rocks Initial Nd Isotope ratios very similar to that defined by the CHUR Evolution line. Epsilon notation [Edit. ] Since 143Nd / 144Nd Departures from the Evolution line CHUR are very Small, DePaolo argued that it would be useful and Wasserburg to create a form of notation that described 143Nd / 144Nd in terms of their deviations from the CHUR Evolution line. Called this is the one whereby Epsilon Epsilon notation UNIT represents a one per 10,000 Part deviation from the CHUR composition. [2] algebraically, Epsilon Units Can be defined by the Equation: Varepsilon_ {Nd (T)} =. 10000 Since Epsilon Units are larger and therefore a more Tangible representation of the Initial Nd Isotope ratio, by using these instead of the isotopic ratios Initial, it is easier to compare Initial Comprehend and therefore Crust with ratios of different ages. In addition, Epsilon Units Will normalize the Initial ratios to CHUR, thus eliminating any effects caused by Various analytical mass fractionation Correction methods Applied. [2] Nd Model Ages [Edit] Since CHUR defines Initial ratios of Continental Rocks Through time, it was deduced. that measurements of 143Nd / 144Nd and 147Sm / 144Nd, with the use of CHUR, could produce model ages for the segregation from the mantle of the melt which formed any crustal rock. This has been termed 't-CHUR'. [3] In order for a TCHUR age to be calculated, fractionation between Nd / Sm would have to have occurred during magma extraction from the mantle to produce a continental rock. This fractionation would then cause a deviation between the crustal and mantle isotopic evolution lines. The intersection between these two evolution lines then indicates the crustal formation age. Age is defined by the following TCHUR the Equation: CHUR T_ {} = ( frac {1} { lambda}) LN ​​ left [1+. TCHUR age of a rock, can yield a formation age for the crust as a whole if the sample has not suffered disturbance after its formation. Since Sm / Nd are rare-earth elements (REE), their characteristic immobility enables their ratios to resist partitioning during metamorphism and melting of silicate rocks. This therefore Allows for crustal Formation ages to be calculated, Despite any Metamorphism the sample has undergone. The Depleted Mantle Model [Edit] Graph to Show the depleted Mantle Model of DePaolo (the 1,981th) Despite the good Fit of Archean plutons to the CHUR Nd Isotope. evolution line, DePaolo & Wasserburg (1976) observed that the majority of young oceanic volcanics (Mid Ocean Ridge basalts and Island Arc basalts) lay +7 to +12 ɛ units above the CHUR line (see figure). This led to the realization that Archaen continental igneous rocks that plotted within the error of the CHUR line could instead lie on a depleted mantle evolution line characterized by increasing Sm / Nd and 143Nd / 144Nd ratios over time. To further analyze this gap between the Archean CHUR data and the young volcanic samples, a study was conducted on the Proterozoic metamorphic basement of the Colorado Front Ranges (the Idaho Springs Formation). [4] The initial 143Nd / 144Nd ratios of the samples analyzed are plotted on a ɛNd versus time diagram shown in the figure. DePaolo (1981) fitted a quadratic curve to the Idaho Springs and average ɛNd for the modern oceanic island arc data, thus representing the neodymium isotope evolution of a depleted reservoir. The composition of the depleted Reservoir Relative to the CHUR Evolution line, at time T, is the Equation Given by: ƐNd (T) = 0.25T2 - 3T + 8.5 Sm-Nd Model ages are calculated using this Curve denoted as TDM ages. DePaolo (1981) argued that these TDM model ages would yield a more accurate age for crustal formation ages than TCHUR model ages - for example an anomalously low TCHUR model age of 0.8 byr from McCulloch and Wasserburg's Grenville composite was revised to a TDM age of 1.3. Byr, typical for juvenile crust formation during the Grenville orogeny.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 3:

Samarium-neodymium dating is useful for determining the age relationships of rocks, and meteorites based on radioactive. Decay of a long-lived samarium (Sm) isotope to a radiogenic neodymium (Nd) isotope. Nd isotope ratios are used to provide. Information on the source of igneous melts as well as to provide age data.The various reservoirs within the solid earth will have different values of initial 143Nd / 144Nd ratios especially with,, Reference to the mantle.

The usefulness of Sm-Nd dating is the fact that these two elements are rare earths. They, are thus. Theoretically not particularly, susceptible to partitioning during melting of silicate rocks.The fractionation effects of crystallisation of felsic minerals (see above) changes the Sm / Nd ratio of the resultant, materials. ,, This in turn influences the 143Nd / 144Nd ratios with ingrowth of radiogenic 143Nd.

The mantle is assumed to have undergone. Chondritic, evolutionAnd thus deviations in initial 143Nd / 144Nd ratios can provide information as to when a particular rock or reservoir was. Separated from the mantle within the Earth 's past.

In, many cases Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotope data are used together.

Contents. [hide]
1 Sm-Nd radiometric dating
2 Sm and Nd geochemistry
3 The CHUR model
3.1 Epsilon notation
3.2 Nd Model Ages
4 The. Depleted Mantle model
.5 References
Sm-Nd radiometric dating [Edit]
Samarium has five naturally occurring isotopes and neodymium has seven. The. Two elements are joined in a parent-daughter relationship by the alpha-decay of 147Sm to 143Nd with a half life of 1.06 × 1011. Years. 146Sm is an almost-extinct nuclide which decays via alpha emission to, produce 142Nd with a half-life of 1.08 × 108. Years.146Sm is itself produced by the decay of 150Gd via alpha-decay with a half-life of 1.79 × 106 years.

An isochron is calculated. Normally. As with Rb-Sr and Pb-Pb isotope geochemistry the initial, 143Nd / 144Nd ratio of the isotope system provides important. Information on crustal formation and the isotopic evolution of the solar system.

Sm and Nd geochemistry [Edit]
.The concentration of Sm and Nd in silicate minerals increase with the order in which they crystallise from a magma according. To Bowen 's reaction series. Samarium is accommodated more easily into, mafic minerals so a mafic rock which crystallises. Mafic minerals will concentrate neodymium in the melt phase faster relative to, Thus samarium.As a melt undergoes fractional crystallization from a mafic to a more, felsic composition the abundance of Sm and, Nd changes. As does the ratio between Sm and Nd.

, Thus ultramafic rocks have high Sm and low Nd and therefore high Sm / Nd ratios. Felsic. Rocks have low concentrations of Sm and high Nd and therefore low Sm / Nd ratios (komatiite has 1.14 parts per million (PPM). Sm and 3.59 ppm Nd versus 4.65 ppm Sm and 21.6 ppm Nd in rhyolite).

The importance of this process is apparent in modeling the. Age of continental crust formation.

The CHUR model [Edit]
Through the analysis of isotopic compositions, of neodymium DePaolo. And Wasserburg [] discovered 1 that terrestrial igneous rocks closely followed the Chondritic Uniform Reservoir (CHUR) line.Chondritic meteorites are thought to represent the earliest (Unsorted) material that formed in the solar system before. Planets formed. They have relatively homogeneous trace element signatures and therefore their isotopic evolution can model. The evolution of the whole solar system and of the 'Bulk Earth'.After plotting the ages and initial 143Nd / 144Nd ratios of terrestrial igneous rocks on a Nd evolution vs. Time, diagram. DePaolo and Wasserburg determined that Archean rocks had initial Nd isotope ratios very similar to that defined by the CHUR. Evolution line.

Epsilon notation [Edit]
Since 143Nd / 144Nd departures from the CHUR evolution line are, very smallDePaolo and Wasserburg argued that it would be useful to create a form of notation that described 143Nd / 144Nd in terms. Of their deviations from the CHUR evolution line. This is called the epsilon notation whereby one epsilon unit represents. A one part per 10 000 deviation, from the CHUR composition. [], 2 Algebraically epsilon units can be defined by the equation:

.- varepsilon _ {Nd (T)} = - left [- frac { left (frac {
{143}} {}
{144 Nd Nd} right) _ {sample (T)}} { left {
{(- frac 143}} {}
{144 Nd Nd} right) _ {CHUR (T)}} - 1. Right] * 10000
Since. Epsilon units are larger and therefore a more tangible representation of the initial Nd, isotope ratio by using these instead. Of the initial, isotopic ratiosIt is easier to comprehend and therefore compare initial ratios of crust with different ages. In addition epsilon units,, Will normalize the initial ratios to CHUR thus eliminating, any effects caused by various analytical mass fractionation. Correction methods applied. [2]

Nd Model Ages [Edit]
Since CHUR defines initial ratios of continental rocks, through timeIt was deduced that measurements of 143Nd / 144Nd and 147Sm / 144Nd with the, use of CHUR could produce, model ages for the. Segregation from the mantle of the melt which formed any crustal rock. This has been termed 't-CHUR'. [] In 3 order for a. TCHUR age to be calculated fractionation between, Nd / Sm would have to have occurred during magma extraction from the mantle. To produce a continental rock.This fractionation would then cause a deviation between the crustal and mantle isotopic evolution lines. The intersection. Between these two evolution lines then indicates the crustal formation age. The TCHUR age is defined by the following equation:

. T _ {CHUR} = ({} { frac 1 lambda}) LN. Left [1. Frac { left (frac {
{143}} {}
{144 Nd Nd} right) _ {sample} - {
{(- left frac 143 Nd}} {
.}} {144 Nd right) _ {CHUR}} { left {
{(- frac 147}} {}
{144 Sm Nd} right) _ {sample} - {
{(- left frac 147}} {}
{144 Sm Nd} right) _}} {CHUR right]

The. TCHUR age of a rock can yield, a formation age for the crust as a whole if the sample has not suffered disturbance after. Its formation. Since Sm / Nd are rare-earth elements (REE),Their characteristic immobility enables their ratios to resist partitioning during metamorphism and melting of silicate. Rocks. This therefore allows for crustal formation ages to, be calculated despite any metamorphism the sample has undergone.

The. Depleted Mantle model [Edit]

Graph to show the depleted mantle model of DePaolo (1981)
.Despite the good fit of Archean plutons to the CHUR Nd isotope evolution line DePaolo &, Wasserburg (1976) observed that. The majority of young oceanic volcanics (Mid Ocean Ridge basalts and Island Arc basalts) lay 7 to 12 ɛ units above the. CHUR line (see Figure).This led to the realization that Archaen continental igneous rocks that plotted within the error of the CHUR line could. Instead lie on a depleted mantle evolution line characterized by increasing Sm / Nd and 143Nd / 144Nd ratios over time. To further. Analyze this gap between the Archean CHUR data and the young, volcanic samplesA study was conducted on the Proterozoic metamorphic basement of the Colorado Front Ranges (the Idaho Springs Formation).? [] The 4 initial 143Nd / 144Nd ratios of the samples analyzed are plotted on a ɛ Nd versus time diagram shown in the, figure. DePaolo (1981) fitted a quadratic curve to the Idaho Springs and average ɛ Nd for the modern oceanic island, arc dataThus representing the neodymium isotope evolution of a depleted reservoir. The composition of the depleted reservoir relative. To the CHUR evolution line at t, time, given is by the equation:

ɛ Nd (T) = 0.25T2 - 3T 8.5

Sm-Nd model ages calculated. Using this curve are denoted as TDM ages.DePaolo (1981) argued that these TDM model ages would yield a more accurate age for crustal formation ages than TCHUR model. Ages - for example an anomalously low TCHUR model age of 0.8 BYR from McCulloch and Wasserburg s Grenville composite was. ' Revised to a TDM age of 1.3Byr typical for, juvenile crust formation during the Grenville orogeny.
.