Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopies (FTIR) (Bomem, MB 100) were carried out to identify the functional groups of the biochar. Scanning electron microscopy (Hitachi JSM-6700F SEM) was implemented to observe the surface microstructures of the biochar. The pH of the (BB) was measured by suspending the (BB) with demineralized water at a mass ratio of 1:20. The solution was then hand-stirred and allowed to stand for 5 (min) before measurement
A. Hassan et al. / EnvironmentAsia 9(1) (2016) 37-44 with a pH meter (Inyang et al., 2012). The (BB) surface potential was determined by measuring the zeta potential (ζ) of the colloidal biochar suspension obtained through sonication according to the procedure of Johnson et al. (1996). Charge mobility of each suspension was determined using Brookhaven Zeta Plus (Brookhaven Instruments, Holtsville, USA), and Smoluchowski’s formula was used to convert the electric mobility into zeta potential.