ASTHMA TREATMENT OVERVIEWThe optima

ASTHMA TREATMENT OVERVIEW

The optimal treatment of asthma depends upon a number of factors, including the child's age, the severity and frequency of asthma attacks, and the ability to properly use the prescribed medications. For the great majority of children, asthma treatment can control symptoms, allowing the child to participate fully in all activities, including sports.

Successful treatment of asthma involves three components:

●Controlling and avoiding asthma triggers

●Regularly monitoring asthma symptoms and lung function

●Understanding how and when to use medications to treat asthma

This article discusses the treatment of asthma in children younger than 12 years. Children with asthma who are 12 years and older are treated with medications and doses similar to that of adults.

Separate articles discuss the symptoms and diagnosis of asthma and use of asthma dose inhalers in children. (See "Patient information: Asthma symptoms and diagnosis in children (Beyond the Basics)" and "Patient information: Asthma inhaler techniques in children (Beyond the Basics)" and "Patient information: Trigger avoidance in asthma (Beyond the Basics)".)

A number of topics about asthma in adults are also available. (See "Patient information: Asthma treatment in adolescents and adults (Beyond the Basics)" and "Patient information: How to use a peak flow meter (Beyond the Basics)" and "Patient information: Asthma inhaler techniques in adults (Beyond the Basics)" and "Patient information: Asthma and pregnancy (Beyond the Basics)".)

CONTROLLING ASTHMA TRIGGERS

The factors that set off or worsen asthma symptoms are called triggers. Identifying and avoiding asthma triggers, when possible, are essential in preventing asthma flare-ups. Trigger avoidance is discussed in detail in a separate article. (See "Patient information: Trigger avoidance in asthma (Beyond the Basics)".)

Common asthma triggers generally fall into several categories:

●Respiratory infections

●Allergens (including dust, pollens, and furred animals)

●Irritants (such as tobacco smoke, aerosol sprays, some cleaning products)

●Exercise

●Cold air

After identifying potential asthma triggers, the parent and healthcare provider should develop a plan to deal with the triggers. If possible, the child should completely avoid or limit exposure to the trigger (eg, eliminate exposure to cigarette smoke). Recommendations may be made about decreasing allergen exposure for those children with allergies (eg, removing carpets from bedrooms, not allow pets to sleep in the child's room). Children who have persistent problems despite efforts to avoid triggers may benefit from seeing an asthma specialist. Some children may need adjustment in their medications, refinement in their technique, or instruction for proper administration. Others may have a different disease that has features in common with asthma, or they may have another problem in addition to asthma.

Exercise is an exception to the general rule about trigger avoidance. Exercise is encouraged for all children, including those with asthma. An asthma action plan should include steps to prevent and treat exercise-related symptoms. (See 'Exercise-induced asthma' below.)

MONITORING ASTHMA SYMPTOMS AND LUNG FUNCTION

Successful management of asthma requires the parent and/or child to monitor their asthma regularly. This is primarily done by recording the frequency and severity of asthma symptoms (coughing, shortness of breath, and wheezing).

In addition, a healthcare provider may recommend that the child measure his or her lung function with a test known as a peak flow (peak expiratory flow rate [PEFR]).

Asthma questionnaires — A healthcare provider may recommend keeping a daily asthma diary when symptoms are not well controlled or when starting a new treatment. In the diary, asthma symptoms (eg, coughing, wheezing) and medications are recorded. The child’s peak flow readings may also be included (form 1). A standardized questionnaire, such as the Asthma Control Test (ACT) [1] or Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) [2], may be recommended to help track asthma symptoms. The asthma control test is available online [3].

A periodic diary may be recommended for children who have stable symptoms and whose medications have not changed recently. This type of diary can be completed before visiting the healthcare provider and helps the parent/child and healthcare provider to determine if the asthma treatment plan needs to be adjusted (form 2).

Lung function assessment — Children over the age of six years may have lung function testing (spirometry) performed during a visit with their healthcare provider. In addition, a healthcare provider may recommend measurements of PEFR. PEFR measures the rate at which a person can exhale and depends upon the degree of airway narrowing and patient effort. PEFR monitoring can provide data that can be used to make treatment decisions. This is discussed in greater detail elsewhere. (See "Patient information: How to use a peak flow meter (Beyond the Basics)" and "Patient information: Asthma symptoms and diagnosis in children (Beyond the Basics)", section on 'Spirometry testing'.)

Review of asthma treatment — Routine follow-up appointments with a healthcare provider are recommended to review asthma symptom control and treatment plans. Children with asthma should see a healthcare provider every one to six months to monitor the child's symptom severity and frequency and response to treatment. The medications used to treat asthma in children vary according to a child's age, the severity of asthma, and the level of asthma symptom control. If control has been adequate for at least three months, the asthma medication dose may be decreased. If control is not adequate, the medication schedule, delivery technique, and trigger avoidance will be reviewed, and the medication dose may be increased or additional medication prescribed.

CATEGORIES OF ASTHMA SYMPTOMS

Intermittent asthma — A child is defined as having intermittent asthma if he or she has asthma with minimal symptoms and infrequent asthma flares. Specifically, children with intermittent asthma have the following characteristics:

●Symptoms of asthma occur two or fewer times per week

●Asthma does not interfere with daily activities

●Awakenings during the night due to asthma symptoms occur two or fewer times per month

●Asthma flares require oral glucocorticoids (also called corticosteroids or steroids) no more than once per year

A child with asthma symptoms that are triggered only during exercise (exercise-induced bronchoconstriction) may have intermittent asthma. However, symptoms during exercise may also indicate that the child may have persistent asthma. (See "Patient information: Exercise-induced asthma (Beyond the Basics)".)

Persistent asthma — Children with persistent asthma have symptoms regularly. There may be days when activities are limited due to asthma symptoms, and the child may be awakened from sleep. Lung function is usually normal between episodes, but becomes abnormal during an asthma attack. Persistent asthma can be mild, moderate, or severe.

The criteria that are used to determine a child's asthma severity include the number of days per week that a child has one or more of the following:

●Symptoms, such as cough, wheeze, or shortness of breath

●Awakenings during the night due to cough or wheeze

●Use of a bronchodilator (reliever medication)

●Symptoms that affect the child's ability to participate in normal activities

The number of asthma flares (also called exacerbations or episodes) per year that require treatment with oral glucocorticoids (also called corticosteroids or steroids) are also taken into consideration when determining asthma severity.

Consultation with an asthma specialist (a pulmonologist or allergist) is recommended for children who have moderate or severe persistent asthma, as well as those ages zero to four years who have any form of persistent asthma.

QUICK-RELIEF MEDICATIONS FOR ASTHMA

Bronchodilators — Short-acting bronchodilators (also called beta-2 agonists) relieve asthma symptoms rapidly by relaxing the muscles around narrowed airways. In the United States, albuterol (Ventolin, Proventil, ProAir, Xopenex, and others) is the most commonly used short-acting bronchodilator. These medications are sometimes referred to as "quick-acting relievers." Children with intermittent asthma, the mildest form of asthma, will require these symptom-relieving medications only occasionally.

There is no benefit to using short-acting bronchodilators on a regular basis, and there may be some harm. If asthma symptoms are occurring more than twice per week on a regular basis, the child should be evaluated by a healthcare provider. Other medications are recommended for persistent symptoms in this situation.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 2:

Asthma TREATMENT OVERVIEW The Optimal Treatment of asthma depends upon a Number of factors, including the Child's Age, the Severity and frequency of asthma attacks, and the ability to properly use the prescribed Medications. For the Great majority of children, asthma Treatment Can Control symptoms, allowing the Child to participate fully in all activities, including Sports. Successful Treatment of asthma Involves Three components: ● Controlling and avoiding asthma Triggers ● regularly Monitoring asthma symptoms and Lung function ● Understanding. How and when to use Medications to Treat asthma This Article discusses the Treatment of asthma in children younger than 12 years. Who are children with asthma 12 years and older are treated with Medications and doses similar to that of adults. Separate articles Discuss the symptoms and diagnosis of asthma and use of asthma inhalers dose in children. (See "Patient information: Asthma symptoms and diagnosis in children (Beyond the Basics)" and "Patient information: Asthma inhaler techniques in children (Beyond the Basics)" and "Patient information: Trigger avoidance in asthma (Beyond the Basics)". ) A Number of Topics About asthma in adults are also available. (See "Patient information: Asthma treatment in adolescents and adults (Beyond the Basics)" and "Patient information: How to use a peak flow meter (Beyond the Basics)" and "Patient information: Asthma inhaler techniques in adults (Beyond the Basics. ) "and" Patient information: Asthma and Pregnancy (Beyond the Basics) ".) Controlling asthma Triggers The factors that worsen asthma symptoms are Called SET off or Triggers. Identifying and avoiding asthma triggers, when possible, are essential in preventing asthma flare-ups. Trigger avoidance is discussed in detail in a separate article. (See "Patient information: Trigger avoidance in asthma (Beyond the Basics)".) Common asthma Triggers generally Fall Into several categories: ● Respiratory infections ● Allergens (including dust, pollens, and Furred animals) ● irritants (such as tobacco Smoke,. aerosol sprays, Cleaning Products Some) ● Exercise ● Cold Air Triggers After Identifying potential asthma, the parent and Healthcare Provider should develop a Plan to Deal with the Triggers. If possible, the child should completely avoid or limit exposure to the trigger (eg, eliminate exposure to cigarette smoke). Recommendations may be made ​​about decreasing allergen exposure for those children with allergies (eg, removing carpets from bedrooms, not allow pets to sleep in the child's room). Children who have persistent problems despite efforts to avoid triggers may benefit from seeing an asthma specialist. Some children may need adjustment in their medications, refinement in their technique, or instruction for proper administration. May others have a different disease that has features in common with asthma, or they have another Problem May in addition to asthma. Exercise is an Exception to the Rule About Trigger general avoidance. Exercise is encouraged for all children, including those with asthma. An asthma action plan should include steps to prevent and treat exercise-related symptoms. (See 'Exercise-induced asthma' Below.) MONITORING AND LUNG FUNCTION asthma symptoms Successful Management of asthma requires the parent and / or Child to Monitor their asthma regularly. This is primarily done by Recording the frequency and Severity of asthma symptoms (coughing, Shortness of breath, and wheezing). In addition, a Healthcare Provider May recommend that the Child measure his or Her Lung function with a Test Known as a Peak flow (. Peak expiratory flow rate [PEFR]). Asthma questionnaires - A Healthcare Provider May recommend keeping a Daily Diary when asthma symptoms are not well controlled or when Starting a New Treatment. In the diary, asthma symptoms (eg, coughing, wheezing) and medications are recorded. The child's peak flow readings may also be included (form 1). A standardized questionnaire, such as the Asthma Control Test (ACT) [1] or Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) [2], may be recommended to help track asthma symptoms. The asthma Control Test is available Online [3]. A periodic Diary Who May be Recommended for children and whose symptoms have Stable Medications have not changed recently. This Type of Diary Can be completed before visiting the Healthcare Provider and helps the parent / Child and Healthcare Provider to Determine if the asthma Treatment Plan Needs to be adjusted (form 2). Lung function Assessment - Children over the Age of Six years May have. lung function testing (spirometry) performed during a visit with their healthcare provider. In addition, a healthcare provider may recommend measurements of PEFR. PEFR measures the rate at which a person can exhale and depends upon the degree of airway narrowing and patient effort. PEFR monitoring can provide data that can be used to make treatment decisions. This is discussed in greater detail elsewhere. (See "Patient information: How to use a Peak flow meter (Beyond the Basics)" and "Patient information: Asthma symptoms and diagnosis in children (Beyond the Basics)", section on 'Spirometry Testing'.) Review of asthma Treatment -. Routine follow-up appointments with a healthcare provider are recommended to review asthma symptom control and treatment plans. Children with asthma should see a healthcare provider every one to six months to monitor the child's symptom severity and frequency and response to treatment. The medications used to treat asthma in children vary according to a child's age, the severity of asthma, and the level of asthma symptom control. If control has been adequate for at least three months, the asthma medication dose may be decreased. If Control is not adequate, the Medication Schedule, Delivery Technique, and Trigger avoidance Will be reviewed, and the Medication dose May be Increased or additional Medication prescribed. CATEGORIES OF asthma symptoms Intermittent asthma - A Child is defined as having intermittent asthma if He or. she has asthma with minimal symptoms and infrequent asthma flares. Specifically, children with intermittent asthma have the following characteristics: ● Symptoms of asthma occur Two or fewer times per Week ● Asthma does not Interferes with Daily activities ● Awakenings during the Night Due to asthma symptoms occur Two or fewer times per month ● Asthma flares Require. oral glucocorticoids (steroids or corticosteroids Called also) no more than once per year with asthma symptoms that are triggered A Child only during exercise (exercise-induced bronchoconstriction) May have intermittent asthma. However, symptoms during exercise may also indicate that the child may have persistent asthma. (See "Patient information: Exercise-induced asthma (Beyond the Basics)".) Persistent asthma - Children with Persistent asthma have symptoms regularly. There may be days when activities are limited due to asthma symptoms, and the child may be awakened from sleep. Lung function is usually normal between episodes, but becomes abnormal during an asthma attack. Persistent asthma Can be Mild, moderate, or severe. The criteria that are used to Determine a Child's asthma Severity include the Number of days per Week that a Child has one or more of the following: ● Symptoms, such as Cough, Wheeze, or. Shortness of breath ● Awakenings during the Night Due to Cough or Wheeze ● Use of a bronchodilator (reliever Medication) ● Symptoms that affect the Child's ability to participate in Normal activities The Number of asthma flares (also Called exacerbations or episodes) per year that Require. Treatment with oral glucocorticoids (also Called corticosteroids or steroids) are also taken Into consideration when determining asthma Severity. Consultation with an asthma Specialist (a pulmonologist or allergist) is Recommended for children Who have moderate or severe Persistent asthma, as well as those ages Zero. Four years to have any form of Who Persistent asthma. QUICK-RELIEF FOR asthma Medications Bronchodilators - Short-acting bronchodilators (beta-2 agonists Called also) relieve asthma symptoms by relaxing the Muscles Around rapidly narrowed Airways. In the United States, albuterol (Ventolin, Proventil, ProAir, Xopenex, and others) is the most commonly used short-acting bronchodilator. These medications are sometimes referred to as "quick-acting relievers.". Children with intermittent asthma, the mildest form of asthma, Will Require these Symptom-relieving Medications only occasionally. There is no short-acting bronchodilators Benefit to using on a regular basis, and there May be Some Harm. If asthma symptoms are occurring more than twice per week on a regular basis, the child should be evaluated by a healthcare provider. Other medications are recommended for persistent symptoms in this situation.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 3:

ASTHMA TREATMENT OVERVIEW

The optimal treatment of asthma depends upon a number of factors including the, child ', s age. The severity and frequency of asthma attacks and the, ability to properly use the prescribed medications. For the great. Majority, of children asthma treatment can control symptoms allowing the, child to participate fully in, all activities. Including sports.

.Successful treatment of asthma involves three components:

] Controlling and avoiding asthma triggers

] Regularly monitoring. Asthma symptoms and lung function

] Understanding how and when to use medications to treat asthma

This article discusses. The treatment of asthma in children younger than 12 years.Children with asthma who are 12 years and older are treated with medications and doses similar to that of adults.

Separate. Articles discuss the symptoms and diagnosis of asthma and use of asthma dose inhalers in children. (See Patient information:. " Asthma symptoms and diagnosis in children (Beyond the Basics). "And" Patient information:Asthma inhaler techniques in children (Beyond the Basics). "And" Patient information: Trigger avoidance in asthma (Beyond. The Basics). ")

A number of topics about asthma in adults are also available. (See" Patient information: Asthma treatment. In adolescents and adults (Beyond the Basics). "And" Patient information: How to use a peak flow meter (Beyond the Basics) ". And "Patient information:Asthma inhaler techniques in adults (Beyond the Basics). "And" Patient information: Asthma and pregnancy (Beyond the Basics). "))

CONTROLLING. ASTHMA TRIGGERS

The factors that set off or worsen asthma symptoms are called triggers. Identifying and avoiding asthma. ,, triggers when possible are essential in preventing asthma flare-ups. Trigger avoidance is discussed in detail in a separate. Article.(See "Patient information: Trigger avoidance in asthma (Beyond the Basics).")

Common asthma triggers generally fall into. Several categories:



]] Respiratory infections Allergens (including, dust pollens and furred, animals)

] Irritants (such. As tobacco, sprays smoke aerosol, cleaning some products)



]] Exercise Cold air

After identifying potential, asthma triggersThe parent and healthcare provider should develop a plan to deal with the triggers. If possible the child, should completely. Avoid or limit exposure to the trigger (eg eliminate exposure, to cigarette smoke). Recommendations may be made about decreasing. Allergen exposure for those children with allergies (eg removing carpets, from bedrooms not allow, pets to sleep in the. Child 's room).