เข้าใจแล

เข้าใจแล

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 1:

understand

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 2:

understand.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 3:

The degradation of member stiffness due to geometric imperfections may be simulated by a further reduction of member stiffness. This may be achieved simply by a further reduction of the tangent modulus Et as (Fig. 6) Herein, the reduction factor 0.85 is used to reduce further the CRC Et as given in Eq. (3a) and (3b) to include the effect of geometric imperfections (Fig. 6). Thus, if the modulus E in the Euler buckling formula is replaced by E9 t, the column strength curve as specified by the LRFD specification will be obtained within a maximum error of no more than 5% (Fig. 7). The further reduced modulus E9 t is applicable for both braced and unbraced members and frames.