The pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) are the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons inthe substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the presence of overactivated glial cells and neuroinflammation.Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) c-Rel subunit is closely related in thepathological progress of PD, however the roles and mechanisms of c-Rel in PD development remain unclear.Here, in neurotoxins-induced PD models, the dynamic changes of NF-κB c-Rel and its functions were evaluated.We found that c-Rel was rapidly activated in the nigrostriatal pathway, which mainly occurred in dopaminergicneurons and microglia. c-Rel could maintain neuronal survival by initiating the anti-apoptotic gene expression inMPP+-treated SH-SY5Y cells and it could inhibit microglial overactivation by suppressing the inflammatory geneexpression in LPS-challenged BV2 cells. c-Rel inhibitor IT901 aggravated the damage of MPTP on dopaminergicneurons and promoted the activation of microglia in the nigrostriatal pathway of mice. Moreover, the expressionof c-Rel in blood samples of PD patients decreased dramatically. Our results indicate that the NF-κB/c-Relsubunit plays an important role in neuroprotection and neuroinflammation inhibition during PD progression
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