มิญชวิทยา[1] (อังกฤษ: Histology) เป

มิญชวิทยา[1] (อังกฤษ: Histology) เป็นวิชาที่ศึกษาเกี่ยวกับจุลกายวิภาคศาสตร์ของเซลล์และเนื้อเยื่อ ของพืชหรือสัตว์ โดยการศึกษาจะใช้เครื่องมือที่เรียกว่า เครื่องตัดชิ้นเนื้อ (microtome) ตัดเนื้อเยื่อให้บางเพื่อนำไปศึกษา (เตรียม specimen) จากนั้นนำไปส่องด้วยกล้องจุลทรรศน์แบบใช้แสง หรือกล้องจุลทรรศน์อิเล็กตรอน โดยอาจใช้การย้อมสี (stained) เพื่อเพิ่มความสามารถในการแยกแยะความแตกต่างของเนื้อเยื่อ วิชา Histology จัดเป็นวิชาที่สำคัญของชีววิทยาและทางการแพทย์
จุลพยาธิวิทยา[1] (อังกฤษ: Histopathology) เป็นการศึกษาเนื้อเยื่อที่เกิดโรคด้วยกล้องจุลทรรศน์ โดยเป็นเครื่องมือที่สำคัญของ anatomical pathology เนื่องจากสามารถวินิจฉัยมะเร็งและโรคอื่นๆ ได้อย่างแม่นยำ แพทย์ที่ศึกษาทางด้านนี้โดยเฉพาะเรียกว่า Pathologists ซึ่งจะศึกษาเนื้อเยื่อตัวอย่างและวินิจฉัยออกมาว่ามีความผิดปกติหรือไม่
นักวิทยาศาสตร์ที่เกี่ยวข้องกับ histological sections ประกอบด้วย "histotechnicians", histology technicians (HT), histology technologists (HTL), นักวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์, เจ้าหน้าที่เทคนิคการแพทย์ และนักชีวเคมีทางการแพทย์ โดยวิทยาศาสตร์สาขานี้มีชื่อเรียกว่า histotechnology.
เนื้อหา [แสดง]
กระบวนการทางเทคนิค[แก้]
การคงสภาพ[แก้]
การคงสภาพด้วยฟอร์มัลดีไฮด์และสารเคมีอื่นๆ[แก้]
ดูบทความหลักที่: Fixation (histology)
สารคงสภาพใช้ป้องกันเนื้อเยื่อจากการเสื่อมสภาพและยังช่วยรักษาโครงสร้างแล้วส่วนประกอบต่างๆ ภายในเซลล์ (e.g., nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria). สารคงสภาพที่ใช้โดยทั่วไปสำหรับการเตรียมเนื้อเยื่อศึกษาด้วยกล้องจุลทรรศน์แบบแสง คือ 10% บัฟเฟอร์ฟอร์มาลีน (4% ฟอร์มัลดีไฮด์ ใน ฟอสเฟตบัฟเฟอร์ซาไลน์). For electron microscopy, the most commonly used fixative is glutaraldehyde, usually as a 2.5% solution in phosphate buffered saline. These fixatives preserve tissues or cells mainly by irreversibly cross-linking proteins. The main action of these aldehyde fixatives is to cross-link amino groups in proteins through the formation of CH2 (methylene) linkage, in the case of formaldehyde, or by a C5H10 cross-links in the case of glutaraldehyde. This process, while preserving the structural integrity of the cells and tissue can damage the biological functionality of proteins, particularly enzymes, and can also denature them to a certain extent. This can be detrimental to certain histological techniques. Further fixatives are often used for electron microscopy such as osmium tetroxide or uranyl acetate
Frozen Section Fixation[แก้]
Frozen section เป็นวิธีการที่รวดเร็วสำหรับการรักษาสภาพเนื้อเยื่อตัวอย่าง และ ติดตั้งตัวอย่างเนื้อเยื่อ. โดยถูกใช้ในการวินิจฉัยเพื่อการผ่าตัดกำจัดเซลล์มะเร็ง วิธีนี้ใช้สำหรับการผ่าตัดเซลล์มะเร็งและหาขอบเขตภายหลังการผ่าตัดเซลล์มะเร็ง การแช่แข็งเนื้อเยื่อตัวอย่างจะใช้เครื่องมือที่เรียกว่า cryostat หลังจากที่เนื้อเยื่อที่ถูกแช่แข็งแล้วจะถูกสไลซ์ด้วยเครื่องมือตัดที่เรียกว่า microtome, ทำการแช่แข็งและติดตั้งตัวอย่างเนื้อเยื่อบนกระจกสไลด์ สำหรับการย้อมสีตัวอย่างสามารถกระทำได้เช่นเดียวกับวิธีการติดตั้งตัวอย่างแบบอื่นๆ สำหรับเนื้อเยื่อบางชนิดก็ต้องใช้การย้อมสี (stained) แบบพิเศษ เช่น แอนติบอดี้ (antibody) ต้องใช้วิธีการที่เรียกว่า การย้อม immunofluorescence
การดึงน้ำออกและแทรกซึม[แก้]
เนื่อเยื่อจำเป็นต้องถูกฝังอยู่ในวัสดุที่แข็งพอเพื่อให้สามารถตัดออกมาเป็นเซคชั่นได้ โดยทั่วไป ความหนา 5 μm (ไมโครเมตร; 1000 ไม่โครเมตร = 1 มิลลิเมตร) สำหรับกล้องจุลทรรศน์แบบใช้แสง และ 80-100 nm (นาโนเมตร; 1,000,000 นาโนเมตร = 1 มิลลิเมตร) สำหรับกล้องจุลทรรศน์อิเล็กตรอน สำหรับกล้องจุลทรรศน์แบบใช้แสงจะใช้พาราฟินเป็นหลัก เนื่องจากเป็นสารที่ไม่ละลายน้ำและเนื่อเยื่อในสิ่งมีชีวิตมักประกอบด้วยน้ำ ในขั้นแรกจึงต้องมีการดึงน้ำออกจากเนื่อเยื่อ โดยการนำเนื้อเยื่อผ่านเอทานอลความเข้มข้นจากต่ำไปสูง ตามด้วยสารเคลียริ่ง โดยทั่วไปคือไซลีนเพื่อนำแอลกอฮอล์ออกจากเนื้อเยื่อ และทำให้เนื้อเยื่อใส, สุดท้ายคือพาราฟินซึ่งจะเข้าไปแทนทีไซลีนในเนื้อเยื่อและทำให้เนื้อเยื่อมีความแข็งพอ. อย่างไรก็ตาม พาราฟิน ไม่สามารถทำให้เนื้อเยื่อแข็งพอที่จะตัดเซคชั่นให้บางสำหรับกล้องจุลทรรศน์อิเล็กตรอนได้ จึงใช้วัสดีเรซินแทน. Epoxy resins are the most commonly employed embedding media, but acrylic resins are also used, particularly where immunohistochemistry is required. Thicker sections (0.35μm to 5μm) of resin-embedded tissue can also be cut for light microscopy. Again, the immiscibility of most epoxy and acrylic resins with water necessitates the use of dehydration, usually with ethanol.
การฝังเนื้อเยื่อ[แก้]
After the tissues have been dehydrated and infiltrated with the embedding material they are ready for embedding. During this process the tissue samples are placed into moulds along with liquid embedding material which is then hardened. This is achieved by cooling in the case of paraffin wax and heating in the case of the epoxy resins (curing). The acrylic resins are polymerised by heat, ultraviolet light or chemical catalysts. The hardened blocks containing the tissue samples are then ready to be sectioned.
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues may be stored indefinitely at room temperature, and nucleic acids (both DNA and RNA) may be recovered from them decades after fixation, making FFPE tissues an important resource for historical studies in medicine.
Embedding can also be accomplished using frozen, non-fixed tissue in a water-based medium. Pre-frozen tissues are placed into moulds with the liquid embedding material, usually a water-based glycol or resin, which is then frozen to form hardened blocks.
การตัดเซคชั่น[แก้]
For light microscopy, a glass knife mounted in a microtome is used to cut 10-micrometer-thick tissue sections which are mounted on a glass microscope slide. For transmission electron microscopy, a diamond knife mounted in an ultramicrotome is used to cut 50-nanometer-thick tissue sections which are mounted on a 3-millimeter-diameter copper grid. Then the mounted sections are treated with the appropriate stain.
Frozen tissue embedded in a freezing medium is cut on a microtome in a cooled machine called a cryostat.
Staining[แก้]
Biological tissue has little inherent contrast in either the light or electron microscope. Staining is employed to give both contrast to the tissue as well as highlighting particular features of interest. Where the underlying mechanistic chemistry of staining is understood, the term histochemistry is used. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) is the most commonly used light microscopical stain in histology and histopathology. Hematoxylin stains nuclei blue; eosin stains the cytoplasm pink. Uranyl acetate and lead citrate are commonly used to impart contrast to tissue in the electron microscope.
Special staining: There are hundreds of various other techniques that have been used to selectively stain cells and cellular components. Other compounds used to color tissue sections include safranin, oil red o, Congo red, fast green FCF, silver salts, and numerous natural and artificial dyes that were usually originated from the development dyes for the textile industry.
Histochemistry refers to the science of using chemical reactions between laboratory chemicals and components within tissue. A commonly performed histochemical technique is the Perls Prussian blue reaction, used to demonstrate iron deposits in diseases like hemochromatosis.
Histology samples have often been examined by radioactive techniques. In historadiography a slide (sometimes stained histochemically) is X-rayed. More commonly, autoradiography is used to visualize the locations to which a radioactive substance has been transported within the body, such as cells in S phase (undergoing DNA replication) which incorporate tritiated thymidine, or sites to which radiolabeled nucleic acid probes bind in in situ hybridization. For autoradiography on a microscopic level, the slide

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 1:

Histology [1] (English: Histology) is the Department of education about Anatomy of miniature cells and tissues of plants and animals by learning to use the tool, called a biopsy, tissue cutting (microtome), some to study (preparation of specimen) and then brought to light to illuminate the microscopic or electron microscope may be used for dyeing (stained) to add the ability to distinguish of tissue. Department of Histology, Department of biology, is a major medical and.Histopathology [1] (English: Histopathology) is the study of microscopic tissue disease as an important tool of anatomical pathology, since other diseases and cancers can be diagnosed accurately. A doctor who studied this particular side is called the tissue Pathologists study and diagnosis examples come out as unusual or not.Scientists involved with the histological sections include "histotechnicians", histology technicians (HT), histology technologists (HTL), medical scientists, technicians, medical students, medical biochemistry, and by this branch of science called histotechnology.Content [show] Technical process [solved]Maintaining [solved]To remain with formaldehyde and other chemicals [solved]See main article: Fixation (histology)The substance remain protective tissue from deterioration and also helps maintain the structure and components within the cell (e.g., nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria). remain substance commonly used for preparing tissue microscopic study of the light is 10% formaldehyde buffer lean (4% fomandihai in phosphate buffer, airlines) For electron microscopy., the most commonly used fixative is glutaraldehyde, usually as a 2.5% solution in phosphate buffered saline fixatives preserve tissues or cells. These mainly by irreversibly cross-linking proteins. The main action of these aldehyde fixatives is to cross-link amino groups in proteins through the formation of CH2 (methylene) linkage, in the case of formaldehyde, or by a C5H10 cross-links in the case of This process, while preserving glutaraldehyde. the structural integrity of the cells and tissue can damage the biological functionality of proteins, particularly enzymes, and can also denature them to a certain extent This can be detrimental to. certain histological techniques often are used for Further fixatives. electron microscopy such as osmium tetroxide or uranyl acetate.Frozen Section Fixation [solved]Frozen section is a fast method for treating a tissue sample and tissue samples to install. By being used in the diagnosis to surgery to get rid of cancer cells. This method is used for surgery, cancer cells and found the boundary after cancer surgery. Frozen tissue samples to use tool called a cryostat after the tissue is frozen and then cutting tool with salai is called a microtome, place the frozen tissue samples and installed on a glass slide. For dyeing, for example, can perform as well as how to install other examples for certain types of tissue, they must use a special dye (stained), such as antique body (antibody) must use a method that is called immunofluorescence dye.Pull the water out and infiltrate [solved]Fresh tissue needs to be embedded in solid material, enough so that it can be cut out to be a auction. In General, 5 micrometre thickness μ (1000 m; Not a ramet = 1 mm) for light-microscope use and 80-100 nm (nm 1 NM = 1000000; mm) for electron microscope. For the light microscope as well as paraffin is used because it is a substance that is not soluble and fresh tissue in living organisms is usually composed of water. In the first stage, it needs to be pulled from the water in fresh tissue. By applying the tissue through the ethanol concentration from high to low, lokwam, followed by the chemical clearing. Typically, perform xylene brought alcohol out of the tissue and make it transparent tissue, finally, paraffin, which claims t-xylene in tissue and causes tissue with sufficient strength. However, paraffin solid tissue could not make enough to cut off the auction, some for the electron microscope. Use a good Epoxy resin material nathaen are most commonly the. resins employed embedding media, but acrylic resins are also used, particularly where immunohistochemistry is required. Thicker sections (5 μ μ m to 0.35 m) of resin-embedded tissue can also be cut for light microscopy., Again the immiscibility of most epoxy and acrylic resins with water necessitates the use of dehydration, usually with ethanol.Embedding tissues [solved]After the tissues have been dehydrated and infiltrated with the embedding material they are ready for embedding. During this process the tissue samples are placed into moulds along with liquid embedding material which is then hardened. This is achieved by cooling in the case of paraffin wax and heating in the case of the epoxy resins (curing). The acrylic resins are polymerised by heat, ultraviolet light or chemical catalysts. The hardened blocks containing the tissue samples are then ready to be sectioned.Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues may be stored indefinitely at room temperature, and nucleic acids (both DNA and RNA) may be recovered from them decades after fixation, making FFPE tissues an important resource for historical studies in medicine.Embedding can also be accomplished using frozen, non-fixed tissue in a water-based medium. Pre-frozen tissues are placed into moulds with the liquid embedding material, usually a water-based glycol or resin, which is then frozen to form hardened blocks.Cut your auction 850.For light microscopy, a glass knife mounted in a microtome is used to cut 10-micrometer-thick tissue sections which are mounted on a glass microscope slide. For transmission electron microscopy, a diamond knife mounted in an ultramicrotome is used to cut 50-nanometer-thick tissue sections which are mounted on a 3-millimeter-diameter copper grid. Then the mounted sections are treated with the appropriate stain.Frozen tissue embedded in a freezing medium is cut on a microtome in a cooled machine called a cryostat.Staining [solved]Biological tissue has little inherent contrast in either the light or electron microscope. Staining is employed to give both contrast to the tissue as well as highlighting particular features of interest. Where the underlying mechanistic chemistry of staining is understood, the term histochemistry is used. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) is the most commonly used light microscopical stain in histology and histopathology. Hematoxylin stains nuclei blue; eosin stains the cytoplasm pink. Uranyl acetate and lead citrate are commonly used to impart contrast to tissue in the electron microscope.Special staining: There are hundreds of various other techniques that have been used to selectively stain cells and cellular components. Other compounds used to color tissue sections include safranin, oil red o, Congo red, fast green FCF, silver salts, and numerous natural and artificial dyes that were usually originated from the development dyes for the textile industry.Histochemistry refers to the science of using chemical reactions between laboratory chemicals and components within tissue. A commonly performed histochemical technique is the Perls Prussian blue reaction, used to demonstrate iron deposits in diseases like hemochromatosis.Histology samples have often been examined by radioactive techniques. In historadiography a slide (sometimes stained histochemically) is X-rayed. More commonly, autoradiography is used to visualize the locations to which a radioactive substance has been transported within the body, such as cells in S phase (undergoing DNA replication) which incorporate tritiated thymidine, or sites to which radiolabeled nucleic acid probes bind in in situ hybridization. For autoradiography on a microscopic level, the slide

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 2:

Histology [1] (English: Histology) Histology is the study of cells and tissues. Of plants or animals The study will use a tool called. Tapping Machine (microtome) biopsy for some to study (prepared specimen) were then viewed through a light microscope. Or electron microscopy It may take staining (stained) to enhance the ability to distinguish tissue of Histology is the study of the biological and medical
histopathology [1] (English: Histopathology) to study tissue disease. Microscopy It is an important tool of anatomical pathology due to diagnose cancer and other diseases. Precisely Doctors who study this particular aspect called Pathologists which tissue samples and identify the guilty or not
scientists associated with histological sections include "histotechnicians", histology technicians (HT), histology technologists (HTL). , scientists, physicians, medical technicians. And Medical Biochemistry The fields are called. histotechnology.
Content [Show]
technical processes [edit]
Stability [edit]
retention with formaldehyde formaldehyde and other chemicals [edit]
Main article: Fixation (histology)
of preservative used to prevent tissue. from deterioration and helps maintain the structure and components of the cell (eg, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria). Chemical preservative commonly used for preparing tissue studied by light microscope is 10% buffered formalin (4% formaldehyde in phosphate buffered formaldehyde Sarah Laine). For electron microscopy, the most commonly used fixative is glutaraldehyde, usually as a 2.5% solution in phosphate buffered saline. These fixatives preserve tissues or cells mainly by irreversibly cross-linking proteins. The main action of these aldehyde fixatives is to cross-link amino. groups in proteins through the formation of CH2 (methylene) linkage, in the case of formaldehyde, or by a C5H10 cross-links in the case of glutaraldehyde. This process, while preserving the structural integrity of the cells and tissue can damage the biological functionality. of Proteins, particularly enzymes, and Can also denature them to a Certain extent. This Can be detrimental to Certain histological Techniques. Further fixatives are often Used for Electron microscopy Such As Osmium tetroxide or uranyl acetate
Frozen Section Fixation [edit]
Frozen Section is. fast for the treatment of tissue samples and tissue samples installed. It is used in the diagnosis and surgical removal of the tumor. This method is used for surgery, cancer cells, cancer cells after surgery, and for the scope. The frozen tissue samples to use a tool called a cryostat after the tissue is frozen, it will be slicing with a cutting tool called a microtome, the frozen tissue samples and mounted on glass slides. For example, the dye can be made ​​as well as how to install the other samples. For some tissue types, it requires staining (stained) such as special antibodies (antibody) to use a method called staining immunofluorescence
dehydrating and infiltration [edit]
tissues need to be buried. The material is strong enough to be able to cut out a staggering length is generally thickness 5 μm (micrometers; 1000 is chrome m = 1 mm) for a light microscope and 80-100 nm (nanometers; 1,000,000 nm = 1 mm) for electron microscopy. For a light microscope is used mainly paraffin. Because the substance is insoluble and tissues in living organisms often contain water. First, it is necessary to draw water out of tissues. By the tissue through the ethanol concentration from low to high. Followed by a clearing agent The most common are alcohol and xylene to bring the tissues. And transparent tissue, paraffin, which will ultimately replace xylene in the tissue and the tissue is hard enough. However paraffin tissue can not be stiff enough to cut access to some length for electron microscopy. We use a resin material instead. Epoxy resins are the most commonly employed embedding media, but acrylic resins are also used, particularly where immunohistochemistry is required. Thicker sections (0.35μm to 5μm) of resin-embedded tissue can also be cut for light microscopy. Again, the immiscibility of most. epoxy and acrylic resins with water necessitates the use of dehydration, usually with ethanol.
The embedded tissues [edit]
After The tissues Have been dehydrated and infiltrated with The embedding Material they are ready for embedding. During this Process The Tissue samples are Placed Into Moulds. along with liquid embedding material which is then hardened. This is achieved by cooling in the case of paraffin wax and heating in the case of the epoxy resins (curing). The acrylic resins are polymerised by heat, ultraviolet light or chemical catalysts. The hardened. Blocks containing The Tissue samples are then ready to be sectioned.
Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues May be stored indefinitely at Room Temperature, and nucleic acids (Both DNA and RNA) May be Recovered from them decades After fixation, Making. FFPE tissues an important Resource for historical Studies in Medicine.
Embedding Can also be Accomplished using Frozen, non-Fixed Tissue in a Water-based Medium. Pre-Frozen tissues are Placed Into Moulds with The Liquid embedding Material, usually a Water-based glycol. or resin, which is then frozen to form hardened blocks.
The cutting session length [edit]
For light microscopy, a Glass knife Mounted in a microtome is Used to Cut 10-Micrometer-thick Tissue sections which are Mounted on a Glass Microscope. slide. For transmission Electron microscopy, a Diamond knife Mounted in an Ultramicrotome is Used to Cut 50-nanometer-thick Tissue sections which are Mounted on a 3-millimeter-Diameter copper Grid. Then The Mounted sections are Treated with The appropriate Stain.
Frozen. Tissue embedded in a freezing Medium is Cut on a microtome in a cooled machine Called a cryostat.
Staining [edit]
Biological Tissue has Little inherent contrast in either The light or Electron Microscope. Staining is employed to Give Both contrast to The Tissue As Well As. highlighting particular features of interest. Where the underlying mechanistic chemistry of staining is understood, the term histochemistry is used. Hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) is the most commonly used light microscopical stain in histology and histopathology. Hematoxylin stains nuclei blue; eosin stains the cytoplasm. Pink. Uranyl acetate and Lead citrate are commonly Used to impart contrast to Tissue in The Electron Microscope.
Special staining: There are Hundreds of Various Other Techniques that Have been Used to Selectively Stain cells and Cellular components. Other compounds Used to color Tissue sections include. safranin, Oil Red o, Congo Red, Fast Green FCF, Silver salts, and numerous natural and artificial Dyes that were usually originated from The Development Dyes for The Textile Industry.
Histochemistry refers to The Science of using Chemical reactions between Laboratory Chemicals and components Within. Tissue. A commonly performed histochemical Technique is The Perls Prussian blue Reaction, Used to demonstrate Iron Deposits in Diseases like hemochromatosis.
Histology samples Have often been examined by Radioactive Techniques. In Historadiography a slide (sometimes Stained Histochemically) is X-Rayed. More commonly. , autoradiography is used to visualize the locations to which a radioactive substance has been transported within the body, such as cells in S phase (undergoing DNA replication) which incorporate tritiated thymidine, or sites to which radiolabeled nucleic acid probes bind in in situ hybridization. For autoradiography on a microscopic level, the slide.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 3:

Histology [] (English: 1Histology) is a subject that study on the histology of cells and tissues of plants or animals. The study will use the tool called Microtome (microtome) cut tissue to study some specimen (prepare).Or electron microscope by may use dyed (stained) to enhance the ability to distinguish the difference of the tissue. Subjects. Histology is the important subjects of biology and medical
.1) [] (English:Histopathology). The disease tissue under a microscope. As the important tool of anatomical pathology due to a diagnosis of cancer and other diseases, medical decisions. The study of this particular called. Pathologists.The scientists involved with histological sections consists of "histotechnicians", histology technicians (HT), histology. Technologists (HTL), medical scientist.Medical staff and medical biochemistry. This is called by the science histotechnology.
content [display]
technical process [Edit]]

the stability [แก้ stability with formaldehyde and other chemicals [solve]
.Main article: Fixation (histology)
substance stability is used to prevent tissue from deterioration and also helps maintain the structure and composition. Inside the cell (e.g, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria).The stability of commonly used for preparing tissue were studied by optical microscope is 10% buffer formalin (4% formaldehyde. In the phosphate buffer SA line). For electron microscopy the most, commonly used fixative, is glutaraldehyde usually as a 2.