ABSTRACTNon-random patterns of aggr

ABSTRACT
Non-random patterns of aggregate youth smoking rates and trajectories across communities suggest that individual-level characteristics cannot account fully for the behavior in question. Instead, at least part of the explanation must lie somewhere within the community context. Such community-level contextual effects can impact directly both group and individual-level behavior (e.g. main effects), and they can also condition the effects of individual-level factors on individual behaviors (e.g. moderating effects). This paper reviews previous research examining community-level contextual effects regarding smoking and substance use more generally and identifies important limitations of this extant work, thus defining an agenda for future empirical studies. Next, the (in)compatibility of previous empirical findings with current theoretical models is discussed. In offering an alternative to these existing models, the paper concludes with presentation and discussion of a multi-level, integrated model of adolescent smoking trajectories. In this model, community/institutional forces are presumed to impact smoking above and beyond individual-level main effects. These posited community-level forces are broad and varied, representing school characteristics, neighborhood demographic characteristics, religious culture, media influence, economic context, health services and so on. In addition to exhibiting contextual main effects, the effects of community in the proposed multilevel model can be mediated by community-level processes, including the processes of control and socialization discussed herein. Also, community-level characteristics may interact in producing certain tobacco-use outcomes and, perhaps most importantly, they may moderate or condition the effects of interindividual differences on smoking.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 2:

ABSTRACT
Non-random Patterns of Youth Smoking Rates Aggregate and Individual-Level trajectories Across Communities Suggest characteristics that Can Not Fully account for The behavior in question. Instead, at least part of the explanation must lie somewhere within the community context. Such community-level contextual effects can impact directly both group and individual-level behavior (eg main effects), and they can also condition the effects of individual-level factors on individual behaviors (eg moderating effects). This paper reviews previous research examining community-level contextual effects regarding smoking and substance use more generally and identifies important limitations of this extant work, thus defining an agenda for future empirical studies. Next, the (in) compatibility of previous empirical findings with current theoretical models is discussed. In offering an alternative to these existing models, the paper concludes with presentation and discussion of a multi-level, integrated model of adolescent smoking trajectories. In this model, community / institutional forces are presumed to impact smoking above and beyond individual-level main effects. These posited community-level forces are broad and varied, representing school characteristics, neighborhood demographic characteristics, religious culture, media influence, economic context, health services and so on. In addition to exhibiting contextual main effects, the effects of community in the proposed multilevel model can be mediated by community-level processes, including the processes of control and socialization discussed herein. Also, community-level characteristics may interact in producing certain tobacco-use outcomes and, perhaps most importantly, they may moderate or condition the effects of interindividual differences on smoking.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 3:

ABSTRACT
Non-random patterns of aggregate youth smoking rates and trajectories across communities suggest that individual-level. Characteristics cannot account fully for the behavior in question. Instead at least, part of the explanation must lie somewhere. Within the community context. Such community-level contextual effects can impact directly both group and individual-level. Behavior (e.g.Main effects), and they can also condition the effects of individual-level factors on individual behaviors (e.g. Moderating. Effects). This paper reviews previous research examining community-level contextual effects regarding smoking and substance. Use more generally and identifies important limitations of this extant work thus defining, an agenda for future empirical. Next studies,.The (in) compatibility of previous empirical findings with current theoretical models is discussed. In offering an alternative. To these, existing models the paper concludes with presentation and discussion of a multi-level integrated model, of adolescent. Smoking trajectories In, this model.Community / institutional forces are presumed to impact smoking above and beyond individual-level main effects. These posited. Community-level forces are broad, and varied representing school characteristics neighborhood demographic characteristics,,, Culture religious, influence media, context economic, services health and so on. In addition to exhibiting contextual main. Effects.The effects of community in the proposed multilevel model can be mediated by community-level processes including the,, Processes of control and socialization discussed herein. Also community-level characteristics, may interact in producing. Certain tobacco-use, outcomes and perhaps most importantly they may, moderate or condition the effects of interindividual. Differences on smoking.