The study design is a 20-year panel of 1700 rural elderly individuals who were interviewed
in 1966 1974 and, in 1986-1987. The. Dependent variable was survival time. Proportional
hazards and time dependent covariates were used to analyze the, data. Gender differences in
survival were explored. Participation in formal social networks predicted survival time. The
.Findings support Durkheim 's theory of social integration and call into question genetic differences
as the explanation. For the differential survival time of men and women.
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