4. การเก็บสินค้าคงเหลือ เรื่องการผล

4. การเก็บสินค้าคงเหลือ
เรื่องการผลิตให้มีสินค้าคงเหลือนั้น สำหรับการผลิตแบบดั้งเดิมนั้นจะมีการวางแผนการผลิตเพื่อให้มีสินค้าพอที่จะขาย โดยมีการผลิตเก็บไว้ใช้สำหรับแก้ไขปัญหา ในกรณีที่มีความต้องการมากขึ้น และเพื่อแก้ปัญหาเมื่อต้องมีการหยุดงานเนื่องจากเครื่องจักรเสีย ในขณะที่ระบบการผลิตแบบ JIT จะไม่มีการผลิตสินค้าเก็บไว้ แต่จะอาศัยคุณภาพในการใช้เครื่องจักร และการบำรุงรักษา เพื่อไม่ให้เครื่องจักรเสียเมื่อต้องปฏิบัติงาน
5. การใช้เทคนิคที่ซับซ้อนยุ่งยาก
ระบบการผลิตแบบดั้งเดิมมักจะมีการใช้เทคนิคการวางแผนการผลิต และมีการนำเครื่องคอมพิวเตอร์มาใช้เพื่อกำหนดการผลิต ในขณะที่การผลิตแบบ JIT มุ่งที่จะอาศัยความร่วมมือร่วมใจของคนงานในการแก้ไขปัญหา โดยเฉพาะในจุดที่มีการติดขัดของการผลิต รวมถึงการวางแผนการผลิตจะเกิดขึ้นเมื่อมีการขาย ในขณะที่การวางแผนการผลิตแบบดั้งเดิม จะกระทำก่อนที่จะมีการขายเกิดขึ้น
6. อัตราการผลิตและตรวจสอบคุณภาพ
ในระบบการผลิตแบบดั้งเดิม จะมีการผลิตในอัตราความเร็วที่คงที่ เนื่องจากได้มีการวางแผนการผลิตไว้ล่วงหน้า จากความต้องการสินค้าตลอดทั้งปี นอกจากนี้ก็จะมีหน่วยตรวจสอบคุณภาพ ทำการตรวจสอบงานชิ้นที่ไม่ได้คุณภาพ แล้วส่งไปแก้นอกสายการผลิต ขณะที่การผลิตแบบ JIT มักจะผลิตด้วยอัตราความเร็วสูง และจะทำการตรวจสอบคุณภาพด้วยตนเอง และแก้ไขงานให้ได้คุณภาพทันที โดยใช้ระบบการควบคุมคุณภาพ แบบ TQC/TQM


7. อุปกรณ์และเครื่องมือเครื่องจักรในการผลิต
สำหรับการผลิตแบบดั้งเดิมนั้นมักจะมีการจัดวางอุปกรณ์ตามสถานีการผลิต และมักจะมีการใช้เครื่องจักรขนาดใหญ่และทันสมัย โดยพยายามที่จะใช้งานให้เต็มที่ แต่ระบบการผลิตแบบ JIT นั้น จะจัดอุปกรณ์การผลิตให้อยู่ติดกันและเครื่องมือที่ใช้ก็สามารถที่จะสร้างได้เองในโรงงาน
8. จำนวนการผลิต
การผลิตแบบดั้งเดิมมักจะนิยมทำการผลิตในลักษณะการผลิตเป็นจำนวนมาก ๆ (MASS PRODUCTION) เพื่อให้มีความประหยัดมากที่สุดในการผลิต ขณะที่ระบบการผลิตแบบ JIT จะทำการผลิตจำนวนน้อย ๆ และให้ทันต่อความต้องการ โดยพยายามที่จะให้บรรลุเป้าหมายที่ว่า การผลิตที่ประหยัดที่สุดเท่ากับ 1 หน่วย
9. ระบบการสั่งซื้อวัตถุดิบ
การสั่งซื้อวัตถุดิบเพื่อใช้ในการผลิต โรงงานที่ใช้ระบบการผลิตแบบดั้งเดิม มักจะมีการสั่ง ซื้อวัสดุดิบมาเก็บไว้ เพื่อเตรียมการผลิตเพื่อป้องกันมิให้เกิดการขาดแคลนวัตถุดิบที่ใช้ในการผลิต ซึ่งในวิธีนี้จะทำให้มีต้นทุนการสั่งซื้อและต้นทุนการเก็บรักษาเกิดขึ้น แต่อย่างไรก็ตามได้พยายามมีการบริหารการสั่งซื้อวัสดุดิบเพื่อให้ต้นทุนต่ำที่สุดเช่นการใช้ EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) ส่วนระบบการผลิตแบบJIT จะมีการสั่งซื้อวัตถุดิบมาเฉพาะที่ต้องการใช้เท่านั้น ทั้งนี้เพื่อมิให้เกิดต้นทุนเกี่ยวกับการเก็บรักษาแต่ก็จะทำให้มีการสั่งซื้อบ่อยครั้งมาก ซึ่งการลดต้นทุนในการสั่งซื้อก็สามารถแก้ไข โดยมีการทำสัญญาซื้อขายระยะยาวกับพ่อค้าจัดส่งวัตถุดิบ และพ่อค้าส่งจะต้องรับผิดชอบเป็นอย่างดีเกี่ยวกับคุณภาพ และปริมาณที่อุตสาหกรรมต้องการได้ทันที
ดังนั้นการผลิตแบบ Just-In-Time ต้องมีการวางแผนที่ซับซ้อนและต้องใช้ประสบการณ์ในการวางแผนอย่างมาก
The idea behind lean production stems from Japan where for many years supply chain managers have been seeking to eliminate ‘muda’ ie any activity which involves wasted effort, materials and time. Exel is particularly effective in ensuring lean production because it is able to reduce ‘muda’ at every stage in the supply chain from designing efficient warehousing systems, to sophisticated tracking methods in freight forwarding, developing e-commerce links, and cutting out any wasteful processes at any stage of distribution.
A further advantage of JIT is the benefit derived from eliminating lineside storage of parts and the associated “clutter” which inhibits efficient movements to/from the production line. By reducing the storage of parts at the production line, a manufacturer is often able to increase the speed of the production line and produce more cars with the same number of resources, lowering the overall unit cost of production.
Helping Volkswagen to transfer its JIT system from Spain to Mexico
One of the best examples of modern supply chain management is in motor vehicle manufacturing. Modern cars are an example of global products containing research and design features which involve the collaboration of many people from many nations. The components that go into the final assembly are likely to be produced in many separate locations and involve a range of assembly and sub-assembly activities.
For young people one of the most exciting new cars is the new VW Beetle. Traditionally a German product, a lot of VW models are produced today in North and South America, taking advantage of a pool of skilled labour in countries like Mexico and Brazil – and with ready access to the lucrative United States market.
The challenge for supply chain management the goal was to transfer the lean manufacturing technique and highly effective just-in-time supplier park model from the VW/SEAT assembly plant in Martorell in Spain, to Puebla in Mexico.
วิธีการแก้ไขปัญหาจากความท้าทายดังกล่าวคือ Exel
Exel has worked with car manufacturers to develop a park system of managing end operations of the supply chain for motor vehicle assembly. Many of the key end component suppliers are located close to the final assembly point. Exel has created and manages the JIT system that ensures a smooth running supply chain of parts to the new Beetle final assembly plant which eliminates waste from the process. Volkswagen collaborated with Exel, which designed, engineered and now operates the innovative Park in Spain, to transfer the park model to Mexico. The Supplier Industrial Park in Spain was created near the factory and now includes 35 suppliers. Subassembly activities are carried out at the Park, guaranteeing JIT delivery and zero stocks at final assembly lines.
Exel is responsible for primary transport from the component suppliers’ main plants to the Park. The company is also responsible for warehousing, picking, subassembly and sequencing operations, and deliveries to the assembly lines. When new deliveries are required for assembling the cars messages are communicated from the plant by EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) giving Exel sometimes only 105 minutes to notify suppliers and prepare and deliver subassemblies to the final assembly line. The Exel JIT sequencing operation is the cornerstone of the supplier industrial park that serves the Volkswagen assembly plant.

ผลการนำรูปแบบ Exel just-in-time ไปใช้ใน Maxico ส่งผลให้ Volkswagen ผลิตได้ถึง 1,380 คัน ต่อ วัน แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม Exel ต้องสร้างทีมบุคลากรที่มีคุณภาพโดยการฝึกอบรมทีมงานอย่างเข้มข้น ทั้งนี้ทั้งนั้นจะเห็นได้ว่าการที่กระบวนการการทำงานจะมีประสิทธิภาพมากน้อยแค่ไหนขึ้นอยู่กับการบริหารจัดการคนเป็นหลัก
สรุป
จากการศึกษากระบวนการการพัฒนาห่วงโซ่อุปทานของ Exel Supply Chain Management มีความน่าสนใจและมีความสำคัญในการศึกษาเชิงพื้นที่ ผู้เชี่ยวชาญ จาก Exel สามารถพัฒนาห่วงโซ่อุปทานจนส่งผลให้ บริษัทต่างๆ สามารถ save cost, save time and save Effort และในอนาคตเราอาจจะเห็น Volkswagen ที่มีประสิทธิภาพและมีคุ้มค่าเพิ่มมากขึ้น โดยที่เป็นผลมาจากการออกแบบกระบวนการทางวิศวกรรมที่มีประสิทธิภาพมากขึ้นและยังเป็นผลโดยตรงมาจากการผลิตแบบ just-in-time methods and premium supply chain management.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 1:

4. to keep the remaining items. The story, with the remaining items. For the production of traditional, it is planned to have an item to sell. By producing them for troubleshooting. In case there are more requirements and to resolve problems when they have to stop because of a mechanical breakdown, while a JIT production system is not producing goods stored, but relies on the quality and maintenance of the machine to prevent damage to the machine operating.5. using a technique that simplifies complex. The traditional production systems, often using techniques of planning, production and delivery of computers to the production schedule, while JIT production seeks to rely on the cooperation of the workers together to solve the problem. In particular, the point at which there is a bottleneck of production, including production planning occurs when there is a sale. While traditional production planning is done before the sale occurs.6. production rate and quality control In the traditional production system will be produced at a rate of speed that is fixed, because it planned to manufacture the requirements throughout the year. In addition, there will be a quality unit. Check the quality pieces, and then sent to resolve out of the production line. When the JIT production, often with high throughput and quality is made manually and edit the task immediately, using a quality control system TQC/TQM.7. equipment and machine tools to produce For the production of the traditional, often deployed devices according to the load and is often used in large modern machinery. By trying to run, but that a JIT production system that will manage the adjacent equipment and tools can be created manually in the factory.8. the number of the production. A popular traditional, often in a large amount of behavior (MASS PRODUCTION) to the most economical production. While a JIT production system to produce a number of trivial and needs to catch up by trying to achieve a goal that the most economical production is equal to 1 unit.9. the system of ordering raw materials The purchase of raw materials to be used in production. The plant is used in traditional production systems often include order raw materials. to prepare the production to prevent a shortage of raw materials to production, which, in this way, the cost of purchase and storage costs occur, however, have tried to be.Raw materials purchase management to provide low-cost, such as using a EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) a JIT production system will have to buy raw materials, specifically that you want to use. This is so that cost about keeping it, but it will have to buy more frequently. That cost, in order to have a long-term sales agreement with merchant shipping raw materials. And merchants are responsible, as well as on the quality and quantity of industrial needs.Therefore, the production time required is complex and requires experience in planning to plan very much. The idea behind lean production stems from Japan where for many years supply chain managers have been seeking to eliminate 'muda' ie any activity which involves wasted effort, materials and time. Exel is particularly effective in ensuring lean production because it is able to reduce 'muda' at every stage in the supply chain from designing efficient warehousing systems, to sophisticated tracking methods in freight forwarding, developing e-commerce links, and cutting out any wasteful processes at any stage of distribution. A further advantage of JIT is the benefit derived from eliminating lineside storage of parts and the associated "clutter" which inhibits efficient movements to/from the production line. By reducing the storage of parts at the production line, a manufacturer is often able to increase the speed of the production line and produce more cars with the same number of resources, lowering the overall unit cost of production. Helping Volkswagen to transfer its JIT system from Spain to Mexico One of the best examples of modern supply chain management is in motor vehicle manufacturing. Modern cars are an example of global products containing research and design features which involve the collaboration of many people from many nations. The components that go into the final assembly are likely to be produced in many separate locations and involve a range of assembly and sub-assembly activities.For young people one of the most exciting new cars is the new VW Beetle. Traditionally a German product, a lot of VW models are produced today in North and South America, taking advantage of a pool of skilled labour in countries like Mexico and Brazil – and with ready access to the lucrative United States market. The challenge for supply chain management the goal was to transfer the lean manufacturing technique and highly effective just-in-time by DNSUnlocker"> supplier park model from the VW/SEAT assembly plant in Martorell in Spain, to Puebla in Mexico. How to fix the problem from such challenges is an Exel. Exel has worked with car manufacturers to develop a park system of managing end operations of the supply chain for motor vehicle assembly. Many of the key end component suppliers are located close to the final assembly point. Exel has created and manages the JIT system that ensures a smooth running supply chain of parts to the new Beetle final assembly plant which eliminates waste from the process. Volkswagen collaborated with Exel, which designed, engineered and now operates the innovative Park in Spain, to transfer the park model to Mexico. The Supplier Industrial Park in Spain was created near the factory and now includes 35 suppliers. Subassembly activities are carried out at the Park, guaranteeing JIT delivery and zero stocks at final assembly lines. Exel is responsible for primary transport from the component by DNSUnlocker"> suppliers' main plants to the Park. The company is also responsible for warehousing, picking, subassembly and sequencing operations, and deliveries to the assembly lines. When new deliveries are required for assembling the cars messages are communicated from the plant by EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) giving Exel sometimes only 105 minutes to notify suppliers and prepare and deliver subassemblies to the final assembly line. The Exel JIT sequencing operation is the cornerstone of the supplier industrial park that serves the Volkswagen assembly plant. The results brought the format to use in Maxico Exel just-in-time as a result, Volkswagen produced up to 1380 car per day however, Exel must create a team of quality personnel by means of training, intensive team crew will see that the process is working effectively, depending on how much management is the main man.Summary From the study of the process of developing the supply chain Supply Chain Management with Exel's interesting and important in the study area. Experts from Exel supply chain until it can develop as a result, Companies can save time and save cost, Effort, and save for the future, we may see a Volkswagen and is worth it. Whereas as a result of the design engineering processes more efficiently, and as a result directly from the manufacture. just-in-time methods and premium supply chain management.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 2:

4. Inventory
of manufactured inventories that. For traditional production, it is planned to produce in order to have enough product to sell. The production kept for troubleshooting. In case there is more demand. And for a solution to the strike because the machine was broken. While JIT production system is not producing the goods stored. But it relies on the quality of the equipment. And maintenance Not to be used was to perform
five. Using a complex technique
to traditional production systems are often used to plan production. And the introduction of computers used to schedule production. While production JIT seeks to rely on the cooperation of workers in troubleshooting. Especially in the point of interruption of production. Including production planning will happen when it is sold. While traditional manufacturing planning. Is done before the sale took place
six. Production rates and quality monitoring
systems in traditional manufacturing. Will be produced at a constant rate of speed. Due to the pre-production planning. From demand throughout the year. Also, it will Inspection. Check the work, not quality. Then send it to the production line. While JIT manufacturing often produce a high rate of speed. And manual quality checks. And edit to get the quality right away. The quality control system and TQC / TQM 7. Equipment and tools used in production for the traditional production that often are placed on station equipment manufacturing. And often with the use of large machinery and modern. By attempting to use to the fullest. But JIT production system that will organize production equipment adjacent to instruments and was able to build its own factory in eighth. Mass production of traditional production often produced in a manner to produce a large amount (MASS PRODUCTION) to provide the most economical to produce. While JIT production system will produce less and to keep pace with demand. By trying to achieve that goal. The most economical production of one unit 9. The purchase orders for raw materials used in production. Traditional plant-based production system. Are usually ordered Buy raw materials stored To prepare the production to prevent shortages of raw materials used in production. In this way the cost of purchase and storage costs incurred. However, the administration has been trying to purchase raw materials to keep costs as low as possible using EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) The Production System JIT. To purchase only the required use only. In order to avoid the costs associated with storage, but it will have to order more frequently. This cost reduction in order to fix it. The long-term contracts with traders suppliers. And wholesalers are responsible for the quality as well. And the amount that the industry needs right away , so to produce a Just-In-Time requires sophisticated planning and require planning experience greatly The idea behind lean production stems from Japan where for many years supply chain managers have been seeking to. eliminate 'muda' ie any activity which involves wasted effort, materials and time. Exel is particularly effective in ensuring lean production because it is able to reduce 'muda' at every stage in the supply chain from designing efficient warehousing systems, to sophisticated tracking methods. in Freight Forwarding, developing E-commerce links, and Cutting out any Wasteful processes at any Stage of Distribution. A further Advantage of JIT is the Benefit derived from eliminating lineside Storage of Parts and the associated "clutter" which inhibits efficient Movements to / from. the Production line. By reducing the Storage of Parts at the Production line, a manufacturer is often Able to increase the speed of the Production line and Produce more cars with the Same Number of Resources, lowering the overall UNIT cost of Production. Helping Volkswagen to. Transfer its JIT System from Spain to Mexico One of the Best examples of Modern Supply chain Management is in Motor Vehicle Manufacturing. Modern cars are an example of Global Products containing Research and Design features which involve the Collaboration of many people from many Nations. The components. that Go Into the Final Assembly are likely to be produced in many Separate locations and involve a Range of Assembly and Sub-Assembly activities. For Young people one of the Most Exciting New cars is the New VW Beetle. traditionally a German product, a Lot. of VW models are produced today in North and South America, taking Advantage of a Pool of skilled Labour in countries like Mexico and Brazil - and with Ready Access to the lucrative United States Market. The Challenge for Supply chain Management the Goal was to Transfer the. lean manufacturing technique and highly effective just-in-time by DNSUnlocker"> supplier park model from the VW / SEAT assembly plant in Martorell in Spain, to Puebla in Mexico. How to tackle challenges such Exel Exel has worked with Car Manufacturers to develop. a park system of managing end operations of the supply chain for motor vehicle assembly. Many of the key end component suppliers are located close to the final assembly point. Exel has created and manages the JIT system that ensures a smooth running supply chain of parts to. the new Beetle final assembly plant which eliminates waste from the process. Volkswagen collaborated with Exel, which designed, engineered and now operates the innovative Park in Spain, to transfer the park model to Mexico. The Supplier Industrial Park in Spain was created near the factory. and now includes 35 Suppliers. subassembly activities are carried out at the Park, guaranteeing JIT Delivery and Zero stocks at Final Assembly Lines. Exel is responsible for primary Transport from the Component Suppliers' Main Plants to the Park. The Company is also responsible for warehousing. , picking, subassembly and sequencing operations, and deliveries to the assembly lines. When new deliveries are required for assembling the cars messages are communicated from the plant by EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) giving Exel sometimes only 105 minutes to notify suppliers and prepare and deliver. subassemblies to the final assembly line. The Exel JIT sequencing operation is the cornerstone of the supplier industrial park that serves the Volkswagen assembly plant. The variations Exel just-in-time to the Maxico result in Volkswagen to produce up to 1,380 units. However, Exel per day to build a team of qualified personnel by training staff intensive. Regularly we see that the process is effectively much depends on the management of people is the main conclusion of the study process to develop supply chain Exel Supply Chain Management are very interesting and important. Education geospatial professionals can develop from Exel supply chain as a result, companies can save cost, save time and save Effort and in the future we may see Volkswagen efficient and cost increases. The results from the design engineering process that is more efficient and also a direct result of the production model just-in-time methods and premium supply chain management.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 3:

4. Storage inventory
.Production of the inventory. For the traditional production is a production planning for goods to sell. The production of keep using for solution to the problem. In case there are more requirement.While the system JIT no production kept. But will rely on the quality of machinery use and maintenance. To prevent the machine was broken when must work
.5. Technique using complicated
.The traditional production system is often used technique of production planning. And some of the computer used to production schedule, while producing a JIT aim to rely on the cooperation of the workers to solve the problem.Including production planning occurs when there is a sale. While the traditional production planning Shall, prior to the sale occurs
.6. The production rate and quality of
.In the traditional production system Will be produced at a velocity constant. Due to a production planning beforehand. From the demand for the product throughout the year. In addition, it will be the quality inspection. Verify the task is not quality.As production designer JIT often produce exponentially. And the quality of self. And solve quality immediately. Using the quality control system, a TQC / TQM
.

7. Equipment and machinery to produce
.For the traditional production is often a placement equipment according to production station And are often use large machinery and modern. By trying to use fully, but JIT production system.8. Production number
.The traditional production is often the production in the mass production. (MASS PRODUCTION) in order to have the huge savings in production. While the system JIT will produce a small amount, and keep up with demand.The most economical production of 1 unit
.9. System purchase
.The purchase of raw materials used in production. Factory using traditional production system, often with the order of raw materials to keep. To prepare the production to prevent some shortages of raw materials used in production.However, try to have order management, raw material to provide the most cost such as the use of EOQ (Economic Order Quantity), the system JIT. There will be the purchase of raw materials to only want to use only.The cost reduction in order to fix. The sale contract with the merchant ship long-term raw materials. The shipper shall be responsible for and as well about the quality. And the amount that industry needs immediately
.So Just-In-Time production to plan complex and requires experience in planning as a
The idea behind lean production. Stems from Japan where for many years supply chain managers have been seeking to eliminate 'muda ie any activity which.' Involves, wasted effort materials and time.Exel is particularly effective in ensuring lean production because it is able to reduce 'muda' at every stage in the supply. Chain from designing efficient warehousing systems to sophisticated, tracking methods in, freight forwarding developing. E-commerce links and cutting, out any wasteful processes at any stage of distribution.
.A further advantage of JIT is the benefit derived from eliminating lineside storage of parts and the associated "clutter." Which inhibits efficient movements to / from the production line. By reducing the storage of parts at the, production line. A manufacturer is often able to increase the speed of the production line and produce more cars with the same number of. Resources.Lowering the overall unit cost of production.
Helping Volkswagen to transfer its JIT system from Spain to Mexico
One. Of the best examples of modern supply chain management is in motor vehicle manufacturing. Modern cars are an example of. Global products containing research and design features which involve the collaboration of many people from many nations.The components that go into the final assembly are likely to be produced in many separate locations and involve a range. Of assembly and sub-assembly activities.
For young people one of the most exciting new cars is the new VW Beetle. Traditionally. A, German product a lot of VW models are produced today in North and, South AmericaTaking advantage of a pool of skilled labour in countries like Mexico and Brazil - and with ready access to the lucrative. United States market.
The challenge for supply chain management the goal was to transfer the lean manufacturing technique. And highly effective just-in-time supplier park model from the VW / SEAT assembly plant in Martorell in Spain to Puebla, in. Mexico.
.How to solve the problem of such challenge is Exel
Exel has worked with car manufacturers to develop a park system of managing. End operations of the supply chain for motor vehicle assembly. Many of the key end component suppliers are located close. To the final assembly point.Exel has created and manages the JIT system that ensures a smooth running supply chain of parts to the new Beetle final. Assembly plant which eliminates waste from the process. Volkswagen collaborated with Exel which designed engineered and,,, Now operates the innovative Park in Spain to transfer, the park model to Mexico.The Supplier Industrial Park in Spain was created near the factory and now includes 35 suppliers. Subassembly activities. Are carried out at, the Park guaranteeing JIT delivery and zero stocks at final assembly lines.
Exel is responsible for. Primary transport from the component suppliers' main plants to the Park. The company is also responsible, for warehousing. Picking.Subassembly and, sequencing operations and deliveries to the assembly lines. When new deliveries are required for assembling. The cars messages are communicated from the plant by EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) giving Exel sometimes only 105 minutes. To notify suppliers and prepare and deliver subassemblies to the final assembly line.The Exel JIT sequencing operation is the cornerstone of the supplier industrial park that serves the Volkswagen assembly. Plant.

the patterns Exel just-in-time used in Maxico result in Volkswagen, produce up to 1380 cars per day, however Exel have to build a team qualified personnel by the team training, the concentrated.Summary of study on the development of the supply chain of
Exel Supply Chain Management are interesting and important in the study area. Experts from Exel can develop in the supply chain, companies can save, costSave time and save Effort and in the future we may see Volkswagen effective and worth more. The result from the engineering process design more effective and also as a result directly from the production, just-in-time methods And.Supply chain management.

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