Increasingly, evaluations of pretesting methods have focused on the side-by-side comparison of techniques, in order to determine the degree to which the results obtained through use of these techniques agree, even if they can not be directly validated. However, this research is. complex, as evaluation in practice must take into account the multi-faceted nature of each of the pretesting techniques, and of questionnaire design in general (see Willis, DeMaio, and Harris-Kojetin, 1999). Although two studies (Presser and Blair,. 1994; Willis, 2005) have specifically compared the results of cognitive interviewing, expert evaluation, and behavior coding, when these have been applied to the same questionnaire, this research has generally not been conducted in a way that allows for the separation of the effects. of pretesting method from those of the organization applying these methods. the evaluation of the pretesting has focused on comparing side by side to determine the results obtained through the use of these techniques is that although they can not. direct examination However, this research is more complex, such evaluations in practice will have to take into account the nature of many of the techniques pretesting and questionnaire design (look Willis DeMaio and Harris Kojetin, 1999), although both studies. (Presser and Blair 1994 Willis, 2005) have compared the results of the interviews, cognitive assessments by experts and behavioral coding when these are applied to the same query this research by. generally not been done in a way that allows the separation of the impact of how the organizations use pretesting of these methods.
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