The elderly are known to have a hig

The elderly are known to have a high prevalence of insomnia. Causes of insomnia include: medical, psychiatric, and drug issues; circadian rhythm changes; sleep disorders; and psychosocial factors. The elderly frequently use sleeping aids. Risks associated with elderly patients' use of hypnotic drugs are attributable to concomitant comorbid conditions, use of multiple medications, altered pharmacokinetics, and increased central nervous system sensitivity to these drugs. Treatment options for insomnia include behavior modification and pharmacotherapy. The choice of hypnotics is based on matching the nature of the insomnia to the hypnotic agent. Benzodiazepine receptor agonists are common hypnotics prescribed for insomnia in the elderly. The ideal agent has rapid onset, duration of action that lasts through the night but no residual daytime effects, and no adverse effects. The longer-acting agents have been shown to result in a higher risk of falls and hip fractures in the elderly. This relationship is not apparent with short-acting agents. Zaleplon, the newest benzodiazepine receptor agonist, has the shortest half-life of available agents. Studies have demonstrated that zaleplon is effective in improving sleep latency, duration, and sleep quality in the elderly. Zaleplon does not appear to cause rebound insomnia, residual sedation, or adversely affect psychomotor function. The key for the healthcare professional is finding the appropriate treatment or treatment combination, including behavioral modification and pharmacotherapy. When hypnotics are indicated, the most appropriate short-acting agent should be considered.

ผลลัพธ์ (แอฟริกา) 1:

Die bejaardes bekend as 'n hoë voorkoms van slapeloosheid te hê. Oorsake van slapeloosheid, sluit in: mediese, psigiatriese, en dwelm kwessies; sirkadiese ritme veranderinge; slaapversteurings; en psigososiale faktore. Die bejaarde dikwels gebruik slaap hulpmiddels. Risiko's wat verband hou met bejaarde pasiënte se gebruik van hipnotiese middels is toe te skryf aan die gepaardgaande comorbide voorwaardes, die gebruik van verskeie medikasie, verander farmakokinetika en verhoogde sentrale senuweestelsel sensitiwiteit vir hierdie dwelms. Behandeling opsies vir slapeloosheid sluit gedragsverandering en farmakoterapie. Die keuse van hipnotika is gebaseer op wat ooreenstem met die aard van die slapeloosheid die hipnotiese agent. Bensodiasepien reseptor agoniste is algemeen hipnotika voorgeskryf vir slapeloosheid in die bejaardes. Die ideale agent het 'n vinnige aanvang, duur van die aksie wat deur die nag, maar geen residuele dag effekte, en geen nadelige effekte duur. Die langer waarnemende agente het getoon om 'n hoër risiko van val en heup frakture in die bejaardes. Hierdie verhouding is nie duidelik met kortwerkende middels. Zaleplon, die nuutste bensodiasepien agonist, het die kortste halfleeftyd van beskikbare agente. Studies het getoon dat zaleplon is effektief in die verbetering van die slaap latency, duur, en slaap gehalte in die bejaardes. Zaleplon verskyn nie rebound slapeloosheid, residuele sedasie te veroorsaak, of psigomotoriese funksie nadelig beïnvloed. Die sleutel vir die gesondheidsorg professionele word om die geskikte behandeling of behandeling kombinasie, insluitend gedrags- verandering en farmakoterapie. Wanneer hipnotika word aangedui, moet die mees geskikte kort waarnemende agent oorweeg word.