The types methods of cognitive enha

The types methods of cognitive enhancement are multifarious
in their mechanism and plausibility [1]. However,
compared to the abstract debate about enhancement in
general, pharmacological manipulation via existing prescription
drugs presents a very immediate ethical problem
that requires attention.
The origin of the immediacy of this issue is twofold.
Firstly, the problem concerns drugs which are already legally,
safely and widely used amongst patient populations
[2]: Ritalin/Adderall for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD) and Modafinil for narcolepsy. Secondly,
this method of enhancement is one that is actually
in current use in an entirely unregulated fashion, by
a significant proportion of the population. In the U.K.
Ritalin and Adderall are considered class B drugs [3],
punishable up to 5 years in prison for possession, and
Modafinil is considered a prescription only medicine [4].
In the most recent large scale formal survey in The
United Kingdom & Ireland [5], the lifetime use of prescription
drugs that have purported cognitive enhancing
functions without a prescription in students has been estimated
at around 10 %. Alarmingly, a further 20.4 %
have considered using such drugs, for which ‘lack of
availability’ was sighted as the major reason for not
using; suggesting the potential for a positive increase in
the future. The most common of these, Adderall, Methylphenidate
(Ritalin) and Modafinil are either obtained
from friends or online. Users obtain these drugs most
commonly with the aim of enhancing cognition (as opposed
to offsetting sleep deprivation or enhancing
mood). Whilst estimates of the prevalence vary, results
from the United States (14 % of 381 respondents) [6]
and Switzerland (7.6 % of 6275 students), demonstrate
that non-prescription use of prescription only drugs for
the purposes of cognitive enhancement poses a significant
ethical problem.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 3:

The types methods of cognitive enhancement are multifarious.In their mechanism and plausibility []. However 1,Compared to the abstract debate about enhancement in.General pharmacological manipulation, via existing prescription.Drugs presents a very immediate ethical problem.That requires attention.The origin of the immediacy of this issue is twofold.Firstly the problem, concerns drugs which are, already legallySafely and widely used amongst patient populations.[]: 2 Ritalin / Adderall for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity.Disorder (ADHD) and Modafinil for, Secondly narcolepsy.This method of enhancement is one that is actually.In current use in an entirely, unregulated fashion by.A significant proportion of the population. In the U.K.Ritalin and Adderall are considered class B 3, drugs []Punishable up to 5 years in prison, for possession and.Modafinil is considered a prescription only 4 medicine [].In the most recent large scale formal survey in The.United Kingdom & Ireland [5], the lifetime use of prescription.Drugs that have purported cognitive enhancing.Functions without a prescription in students has been estimated.At around 10%. Alarmingly a further, 20.4%.Have considered using, such drugs for which lack of. "Availability "was sighted as the major reason for not.Using; suggesting the potential for a positive increase in.The future. The most common of these Adderall Methylphenidate,,,(Ritalin) and Modafinil are either obtained.From friends or online. Users obtain these drugs most.Commonly with the aim of enhancing cognition (as opposed.To offsetting sleep deprivation or enhancing.Mood). Whilst estimates of the, prevalence vary results.From the United States (14% of 381 respondents 6) [].And Switzerland (7.6% of 6275 students), demonstrate.That non-prescription use of prescription only drugs for.The purposes of cognitive enhancement poses a significant.Ethical problem.